{"id":1823,"date":"2022-07-24T14:04:04","date_gmt":"2022-07-24T14:04:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/?page_id=1823"},"modified":"2026-08-13T14:24:45","modified_gmt":"2026-08-13T14:24:45","slug":"business-law-in-turkey","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/","title":{"rendered":"Commercial &#038; Business Law in Turkey"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"l-section wpb_row height_small\"><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_grid cols_1 laptops-cols_inherit tablets-cols_inherit mobiles-cols_1 valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column us_custom_275474cc has_text_color\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><p><a ref=\"magnificPopup\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/business-law-in-turkey-e1782746651386.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-3320 size-us_800_400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/business-law-in-turkey-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"business law in turkey\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_86 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Index<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#WHAT_IS_BUSINESS_LAW_IN_TURKEY\" >WHAT IS BUSINESS LAW IN TURKEY?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#WHAT_ARE_THE_FUNDAMENTAL_PRINCIPLES_OF_BUSINESS_LAW_IN_TURKEY\" >WHAT ARE THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS LAW IN TURKEY?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#WHAT_ARE_THE_SOURCES_OF_COMMERCIAL_LAW_IN_TURKEY\" >WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF COMMERCIAL LAW IN TURKEY?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#Statutes_and_Legislative_Regulations\" >Statutes and Legislative Regulations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#Judicial_Decisions\" >Judicial Decisions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#Commercial_Customs_and_Practices\" >Commercial Customs and Practices<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#Legal_Doctrine\" >Legal Doctrine<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#International_Treaties\" >International Treaties<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#WHAT_IS_THE_SCOPE_OF_BUSINESS_LAW_IN_TURKEY\" >WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF BUSINESS LAW IN TURKEY?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#Company_Law\" >Company Law<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#Commercial_Contracts\" >Commercial Contracts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#Competition_Law_and_Unfair_Competition\" >Competition Law and Unfair Competition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#International_Trade_Law\" >International Trade Law<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#Commercial_Enterprise_Law\" >Commercial Enterprise Law<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#Negotiable_Instruments_Law\" >Negotiable Instruments Law<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#Transportation_and_Insurance_Law\" >Transportation and Insurance Law<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#WHAT_ARE_COMMERCIAL_LAWSUITS_IN_TURKEY\" >WHAT ARE COMMERCIAL LAWSUITS IN TURKEY?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#Lawsuits_Arising_from_Breaches_of_Commercial_Contracts_in_Turkey\" >Lawsuits Arising from Breaches of Commercial Contracts in Turkey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#Commercial_Compensation_Lawsuits_in_Turkey\" >Commercial Compensation Lawsuits in Turkey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#Agency_Dealership_and_Distributorship_Disputes_in_Turkey\" >Agency, Dealership, and Distributorship Disputes in Turkey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#Intellectual_and_Industrial_Property_Lawsuits_in_Turkey\" >Intellectual and Industrial Property Lawsuits in Turkey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#Competition_Law_Lawsuits_in_Turkey\" >Competition Law Lawsuits in Turkey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#Bankruptcy_and_Concordat_Proceedings_in_Turkey\" >Bankruptcy and Concordat Proceedings in Turkey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#Company_Law_Disputes_in_Turkey\" >Company Law Disputes in Turkey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#Maritime_Commercial_Law_Disputes\" >Maritime Commercial Law Disputes\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#International_Trade_Disputes\" >International Trade Disputes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#Tax_Disputes_in_turkey\" >Tax Disputes in turkey<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#IS_MEDIATION_MANDATORY_IN_COMMERCIAL_LAWSUITS_IN_TURKEY\" >IS MEDIATION MANDATORY IN COMMERCIAL LAWSUITS IN TURKEY?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#WHAT_IS_A_COMMERCIAL_CONTRACT\" >WHAT IS A COMMERCIAL CONTRACT?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#WHAT_ARE_THE_TYPES_OF_COMMERCIAL_CONTRACTS_IN_TURKEY\" >WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS IN TURKEY?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#HOW_TO_PREPARE_A_COMMERCIAL_CONTRACT_IN_TURKEY\" >HOW TO PREPARE A COMMERCIAL CONTRACT IN TURKEY?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#What_Are_The_Legal_Considerations_When_Drafting_Commercial_Contracts_in_Turkey\" >What Are The Legal Considerations When Drafting Commercial Contracts in Turkey?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#1_Determination_of_Legal_Capacity_of_the_Parties\" >1. Determination of Legal Capacity of the Parties<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#2_Clarification_of_Contract_Subject_Matter_and_Obligations\" >2. Clarification of Contract Subject Matter and Obligations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#3_Detailed_Regulation_of_Contractual_Terms\" >3. Detailed Regulation of Contractual Terms<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#4_Confidentiality_NDA_Non-Compete_and_Non-Solicitation_Clauses\" >4. Confidentiality (NDA), Non-Compete, and Non-Solicitation Clauses<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#5_Dispute_Resolution_Methods_and_Jurisdiction_Clause\" >5. Dispute Resolution Methods and Jurisdiction Clause<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#6_Compliance_with_Mandatory_Law_and_Applicable_Legislation\" >6. Compliance with Mandatory Law and Applicable Legislation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#7_Amendment_and_Revision_Procedures\" >7. Amendment and Revision Procedures<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#8_Evidentiary_Considerations_in_Contract_Formation\" >8. Evidentiary Considerations in Contract Formation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#9_Professional_Legal_Support_in_Company_and_Contract_Law\" >9. Professional Legal Support in Company and Contract Law<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#What_Are_the_Common_Mistakes_in_Commercial_Contracts_in_Turkey\" >What Are the Common Mistakes in Commercial Contracts in Turkey?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#1_Use_of_Online_Templates_or_Standard_Form_Contracts\" >1. Use of Online Templates or Standard Form Contracts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#2_Inclusion_of_Excessively_High_Liquidated_Damages_Clauses\" >2. Inclusion of Excessively High Liquidated Damages Clauses<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#3_Ignoring_Language_Conflicts_in_Multilingual_Contracts\" >3. Ignoring Language Conflicts in Multilingual Contracts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#4_Failure_to_Include_a_%E2%80%9CSeverability_Invalidity%E2%80%9D_Clause\" >4. Failure to Include a \u201cSeverability \/ Invalidity\u201d Clause<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#5_Superficial_Drafting_of_Force_Majeure_Clauses\" >5. Superficial Drafting of Force Majeure Clauses<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#6_Reliance_on_Unauthorized_Signatories\" >6. Reliance on Unauthorized Signatories<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#7_Failure_to_Determine_Stamp_Duty_and_Contract_Costs_Allocation\" >7. Failure to Determine Stamp Duty and Contract Costs Allocation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#WHAT_ARE_THE_TERMINATION_CONDITIONS_OF_COMMERCIAL_CONTRACTS_IN_TURKEY\" >WHAT ARE THE TERMINATION CONDITIONS OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS IN TURKEY?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#1_Termination_Mechanisms_and_Conditions_in_Commercial_Contracts_in_Turkey\" >1. Termination Mechanisms and Conditions in Commercial Contracts in Turkey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#2_Default_of_the_Debtor_and_Notice_Requirement_Turkish_Code_of_Obligations_Article_117\" >2. Default of the Debtor and Notice Requirement (Turkish Code of Obligations Article 117)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#3_Form_Requirement_for_Termination_Notices_Between_Merchants_TCC_Article_183\" >3. Form Requirement for Termination Notices Between Merchants (TCC Article 18\/3)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#4_Contractual_Provisions_That_Survive_Termination\" >4. Contractual Provisions That Survive Termination<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#WHAT_IS_THE_SCOPE_OF_MARITIME_LAW\" >WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF MARITIME LAW?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#WHAT_IS_THE_SCOPE_OF_INTERNATIONAL_TRADE_LAW\" >WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-57\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#1_Conclusion_of_International_Contracts\" >1. Conclusion of International Contracts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-58\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#2_International_Payment_Terms_and_Security_Mechanisms\" >2. International Payment Terms and Security Mechanisms<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-59\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#3_Trade_Law_Systems_of_Different_Countries\" >3. Trade Law Systems of Different Countries<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-60\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#4_Goods_and_Service_Standards\" >4. Goods and Service Standards<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-61\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#5_Tax_and_Customs_Regulations\" >5. Tax and Customs Regulations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-62\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#6_Language_of_Contracts_and_Interpretation\" >6. Language of Contracts and Interpretation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-63\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#7_International_Dispute_Resolution\" >7. International Dispute Resolution<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-64\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#8_International_Trade_Regulatory_Organizations\" >8. International Trade Regulatory Organizations<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-65\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#HOW_ARE_COMMERCIAL_DISPUTES_RESOLVED_IN_TURKEY\" >HOW ARE COMMERCIAL DISPUTES RESOLVED IN TURKEY?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-66\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#1_Negotiation_and_Settlement\" >1. Negotiation and Settlement\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-67\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#2_Commercial_Case_Mediation_Process_in_Turkey\" >2. Commercial Case Mediation Process in Turkey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-68\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#3_Arbitration\" >3. Arbitration\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-69\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#4_Court_Proceedings\" >4. Court Proceedings\u00a0<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-70\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#WHAT_ARE_THE_LEGAL_REMEDIES_APPLICABLE_TO_COMMERCIAL_DISPUTES_INVOLVING_A_FOREIGN_ELEMENT\" >WHAT ARE THE LEGAL REMEDIES APPLICABLE TO COMMERCIAL DISPUTES INVOLVING A FOREIGN ELEMENT?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-71\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#1_Private_International_Law_and_International_Civil_Procedure_Framework_MOHUK\" >1. Private International Law and International Civil Procedure Framework (M\u00d6HUK)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-72\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#2_International_Jurisdiction_of_Turkish_Courts_and_Litigation\" >2. International Jurisdiction of Turkish Courts and Litigation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-73\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#3_Enforcement_of_Foreign_Court_in_Turkey\" >3. Enforcement of Foreign Court in Turkey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-74\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#4_International_Arbitration_and_Mediation\" >4. International Arbitration and Mediation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-75\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/#5_Direct_Application_of_International_Conventions\" >5. Direct Application of International Conventions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"WHAT_IS_BUSINESS_LAW_IN_TURKEY\"><\/span>WHAT IS BUSINESS LAW IN TURKEY?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>Business law in Turkey<\/strong> is a branch of private law that governs the <strong>activities of commercial enterprises<\/strong>, <strong>legal relationships between merchants<\/strong>, <strong>company formation and corporate governance<\/strong>, <strong>commercial contracts<\/strong>, and <strong>commercial disputes<\/strong>. Its primary purpose is to ensure that <strong>commercial activities are conducted in a secure, orderly, and predictable manner<\/strong>, to provide <strong>legal certainty<\/strong> in business relationships, and to support the sustainable functioning of economic activities.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>Commercial law in Turkey<\/strong> <strong>also plays a vital role in the<\/strong> <strong>day-to-day operations of businesses<\/strong>. Commercial contracts form the legal foundation of business relationships. A wide range of legal transactions\u2014including <strong>contracts for the sale of goods and services<\/strong>, <strong>distributorship agreements<\/strong>, <strong>dealership agreements<\/strong>, and <strong>service contracts<\/strong>\u2014are governed by <strong>the provisions of Turkish business law<\/strong>. In this context, <strong>commercial law in Turkey<\/strong> regulates the <strong>drafting, interpretation, and validity of commercial contracts<\/strong>, as well as the <strong>legal consequences arising from any breach of contractual obligations<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>Business law in Turkey<\/strong> also serves an essential function in the <strong>resolution of commercial disputes<\/strong>. Disputes arising from <strong>debtor-creditor relationships between merchants or companies<\/strong>, <strong>contractual disagreements<\/strong>, <strong>shareholder conflicts<\/strong>, and <strong>other commercial litigation<\/strong> are assessed within the framework of <strong>business law in Turkey<\/strong>. In addition to court proceedings, <strong>alternative dispute resolution methods<\/strong>, such as <strong>mediation<\/strong> and <strong>arbitration<\/strong>, are widely used to resolve <strong>commercial disputes in Turkey.<\/strong> These mechanisms often enable the parties to settle their disputes <strong>more quickly and cost-effectively<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">One of the principal areas of <strong>commercial law in Turkey<\/strong> is <strong>company law<\/strong>. Matters relating to the <strong>incorporation of companies<\/strong>, the <strong>rights and obligations of shareholders<\/strong>, the <strong>powers and responsibilities of corporate bodies<\/strong>, <strong>capital structures<\/strong>, and <strong>corporate governance<\/strong> all fall within the scope of <strong>business law in Turkey<\/strong>. In today&#8217;s <strong>globalized economy<\/strong>, <strong>foreign investors<\/strong> seeking to conduct business in Turkey are also subject to these legal principles. Accordingly, legal procedures such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/establishing-a-liaison-office-in-turkey\/\"><strong>establishing a liaison office<\/strong><\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/establishing-a-foreign-company-branch-in-turkey\/\"><strong>opening a branch of a foreign company in Turkey<\/strong><\/a> are among the key practices of Turkish company law.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>Trade law in Turkey<\/strong> also plays a significant role in <strong>international business transactions<\/strong>. As <strong>global trade<\/strong> has expanded, <strong>commercial relationships between countries<\/strong>, <strong>international investments<\/strong>, and <strong>cross-border transactions<\/strong> have increased substantially. In this respect, <strong>trade law in Turkey<\/strong> provides the <strong>legal framework<\/strong> for the <strong>preparation and implementation of international commercial agreements<\/strong> and the <strong>resolution of international commercial disputes<\/strong>. It thereby <strong>safeguards the rights and obligations of the parties<\/strong> and contributes to <strong>legal certainty<\/strong> in cross-border business relationships.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Technological advancements<\/strong> and <strong>digitalization<\/strong> continue to shape the evolution of <strong>business law in Turkey<\/strong>. In particular, <strong>e-commerce<\/strong>, <strong>electronic contracts<\/strong>, <strong>personal data protection<\/strong>, <strong>digital payment systems<\/strong>, <strong>cybersecurity<\/strong>, and <strong>online commercial activities<\/strong> have become increasingly important areas within modern business law. Consequently, <strong>commercial law in Turkey remains a dynamic and evolving field<\/strong> that continuously adapts to <strong>changing business needs<\/strong> and <strong>technological developments<\/strong>, while addressing the <strong>legal requirements of today&#8217;s commercial environment<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"w-separator size_small\"><\/div><div class=\"w-iconbox us_custom_aea21514 iconpos_left style_default color_secondary align_left no_title\"><div class=\"w-iconbox-icon\" style=\"font-size:30px;\"><i class=\"far fa-gavel\"><\/i><\/div><div class=\"w-iconbox-meta\"><div class=\"w-iconbox-text\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuatmetin\/1.5.6102.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 1 of the Turkish Commercial Code<\/a> &#8211; The Turkish Commercial Code is an integral part of the Turkish Civil Code numbered 4721, dated 22\/11\/2001. The provisions of this Code, along with the special provisions written in other laws regarding transactions and acts concerning a commercial enterprise, are commercial provisions. In cases of commercial matters where there is no specific provision, the court shall decide according to commercial customs and practices, and if these are also absent, according to general provisions.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"l-section wpb_row height_auto\"><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_grid cols_1 laptops-cols_inherit tablets-cols_inherit mobiles-cols_1 valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column us_custom_275474cc has_text_color\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h2 class=\"XYd-Qa_Headline\" data-w-component=\"title\" data-w-weight=\"semibold\" data-w-size=\"2xl\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"WHAT_ARE_THE_FUNDAMENTAL_PRINCIPLES_OF_BUSINESS_LAW_IN_TURKEY\"><\/span>WHAT ARE THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS LAW IN TURKEY?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"zlAe0W_TextBase zlAe0W_Text\" data-w-component=\"text\"><strong><span class=\"zlAe0W_TextBase zlAe0W_Text\" data-w-component=\"text\" data-w-weight=\"semibold\" data-w-inline=\"\" data-w-whitespace=\"linebreaks\">Business law in Turkey<\/span> is based on various fundamental principles that ensure commercial life is conducted in a <span class=\"zlAe0W_TextBase zlAe0W_Text\" data-w-component=\"text\" data-w-weight=\"semibold\" data-w-inline=\"\" data-w-whitespace=\"linebreaks\">regular, secure, and predictable manner<\/span>.<\/strong> While these principles aim to ensure that <strong>relationships between merchants and commercial enterprises<\/strong> are maintained in accordance with the law, they also contribute to <strong>the continuation of economic activities<\/strong> within a stable framework. The principal fundamental principles adopted in <strong><span class=\"zlAe0W_TextBase zlAe0W_Text\" data-w-component=\"text\" data-w-weight=\"semibold\" data-w-inline=\"\" data-w-whitespace=\"linebreaks\">Turkish business law<\/span><\/strong> are explained below.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ac5DTa_Box\" data-w-direction=\"col\" data-w-component=\"col\">\n<div class=\"ac5DTa_Box\" data-w-direction=\"col\" data-w-component=\"col\">\n<div class=\"ac5DTa_Box\" data-w-direction=\"row\" data-w-align=\"start\" data-w-component=\"row\">\n<div class=\"ac5DTa_Box\" data-w-direction=\"col\" data-w-component=\"col\">\n<div class=\"ac5DTa_Box\" data-w-direction=\"row\" data-w-align=\"center\" data-w-wrap=\"wrap\" data-w-component=\"row\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Principle of Freedom of Trade:<\/strong> <strong>The principle of freedom of trade<\/strong> is one of the cornerstones of <strong><span class=\"zlAe0W_TextBase zlAe0W_Text\" data-w-component=\"text\" data-w-weight=\"semibold\" data-w-inline=\"\" data-w-whitespace=\"linebreaks\">commercial law in Turkey<\/span>.<\/strong> According to this principle, real and legal persons may <strong>freely engage in commercial activities, conduct the exchange of goods and services, and undertake economic initiatives<\/strong>, provided that they do not act contrary to mandatory provisions of law. <strong>A free trade environment<\/strong> contributes to the development of <strong>competition, the increase of investments, the encouragement of innovation, and the support of economic growth.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Principle of Commercial Honesty and Good Faith:<\/strong> In commercial relations, it is essential that parties act in accordance with <strong>the rule of honesty and behave in good faith toward one another.<\/strong> The rule of honesty, which is accepted as a general principle in the Turkish legal system, is also of <strong>great importance in <span class=\"zlAe0W_TextBase zlAe0W_Text\" data-w-component=\"text\" data-w-weight=\"semibold\" data-w-inline=\"\" data-w-whitespace=\"linebreaks\">commercial law in Turkey<\/span>.<\/strong> Merchants are expected to act honestly while <strong>conducting their commercial activities, avoid deceptive transactions, and fulfill the obligations<\/strong> arising from contracts.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Principle of Equality:<\/strong> <strong>The principle of equality<\/strong> means that parties are regarded as <strong>equal before the law<\/strong> in commercial relationships. Persons and companies engaged in commercial activities benefit from <strong>the same legal protection before the law<\/strong>. This principle aims to prevent<strong> the creation of unfair advantages between parties and to ensure a fair commercial environment.<\/strong> It is particularly important for <strong>the equal protection of the parties&#8217; rights<\/strong> in commercial disputes in Turkey.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Principle of Freedom of Contract:<\/strong> One of the fundamental principles of <strong><span class=\"zlAe0W_TextBase zlAe0W_Text\" data-w-component=\"text\" data-w-weight=\"semibold\" data-w-inline=\"\" data-w-whitespace=\"linebreaks\">business law in Turkey<\/span><\/strong> <strong>is the principle of freedom of contract.<\/strong> According to this principle, <strong>parties are free to conclude contracts<\/strong> with whomever they choose and to determine <strong>the content of those contracts<\/strong>, provided that they<strong> do not violate mandatory legal provisions<\/strong>, <strong>public order, or morality<\/strong>. Because of the dynamic nature of commercial life, it is extremely important that parties are able <strong>to create contracts suitable for their needs.<\/strong> However, this freedom is <strong>not unlimited and is subject to certain mandatory rules<\/strong> prescribed by legislation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Principle of Protection of Competition:<\/strong> <strong>The protection of competition<\/strong> is one of the fundamental elements of a healthy market economy. This principle, <strong>adopted in <span class=\"zlAe0W_TextBase zlAe0W_Text\" data-w-component=\"text\" data-w-weight=\"semibold\" data-w-inline=\"\" data-w-whitespace=\"linebreaks\">commercial law in Turkey<\/span><\/strong>, aims to ensure that businesses conduct their activities under <strong>conditions of free and fair competition.<\/strong> By preserving a competitive environment, consumers can access <strong>higher-quality goods and services<\/strong>, while businesses are encouraged to increase their efficiency. This principle also contributes to <strong>economic development and the preservation of market balance.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Principle of Prevention of Unfair Competition:<\/strong> Compliance with <strong>the rules of honest competition<\/strong> is mandatory in commercial activities in Turkey. For this reason, one of the fundamental principles of <strong><span class=\"zlAe0W_TextBase zlAe0W_Text\" data-w-component=\"text\" data-w-weight=\"semibold\" data-w-inline=\"\" data-w-whitespace=\"linebreaks\">business law in Turkey<\/span> is the prevention of unfair competition.<\/strong> Acts such as conduct that <strong>damages the commercial reputation of competing businesses, misleading advertisements, attempts to acquire customers through unlawful methods, and the unauthorized use of trade secrets<\/strong> may be regarded as unfair competition. The purpose of these regulations is to protect <strong>a fair competitive environment<\/strong> and ensure the reliability of commercial life.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Principle of Legal Certainty:<\/strong> The principle of <strong>legal certainty<\/strong> is of great importance for the stable continuation of commercial life. The ability of merchants and companies to<strong> foresee the legal consequences of their transactions<\/strong> enables them to make investment decisions on a sounder basis. In this context, <strong><span class=\"zlAe0W_TextBase zlAe0W_Text\" data-w-component=\"text\" data-w-weight=\"semibold\" data-w-inline=\"\" data-w-whitespace=\"linebreaks\">commercial law in Turkey<\/span> aims to ensure that commercial transactions are carried out within a defined legal framework<\/strong>, that the rights of the parties are protected, and that <strong>commercial disputes are resolved in accordance with the law.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Principle of Binding Force of Contracts:<\/strong> With respect to contracts, which form the foundation of commercial life, <strong>the principle of <span class=\"zlAe0W_TextBase zlAe0W_Text\" data-w-component=\"text\" data-w-weight=\"semibold\" data-w-inline=\"\" data-w-whitespace=\"linebreaks\">pacta sunt servanda<\/span> (binding force of contracts)<\/strong> is of great importance. According to this principle, <strong>parties are obliged to comply with the contracts they have signed through their free will.<\/strong> Contracts are binding upon the parties, and <strong>the rights and obligations arising from them must be fulfilled.<\/strong> The principle of binding force of contracts is indispensable for preserving trust in <strong>commercial relationships and ensuring legal stability.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-us_800_400 wp-image-3312\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/ticari-sozlesme-800x208.jpg\" alt=\"turkish commercial law\" width=\"800\" height=\"208\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/ticari-sozlesme-800x208.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/ticari-sozlesme-300x78.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/ticari-sozlesme-1024x266.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/ticari-sozlesme-100x26.jpg 100w, https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/ticari-sozlesme-90x23.jpg 90w, https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/ticari-sozlesme.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-section-id=\"1izxjtw\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"53\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"WHAT_ARE_THE_SOURCES_OF_COMMERCIAL_LAW_IN_TURKEY\"><\/span><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"2\" data-end=\"53\">WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF COMMERCIAL LAW IN TURKEY?<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"55\" data-end=\"533\"><strong>The<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"59\" data-end=\"96\">sources of commercial law in Turkey<\/strong> refer to the fundamental legal authorities upon which the rules governing commercial relationships are based. These sources play a crucial role in ensuring that <strong data-start=\"258\" data-end=\"336\">commercial life is conducted in an orderly, secure, and predictable manner<\/strong>. In the Turkish legal system, <strong>the sources of commercial law in Turkey<\/strong> consist of <strong data-start=\"422\" data-end=\"532\">statutes, judicial decisions, commercial customs and practices, legal doctrine, and international treaties<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"lkbr8b\" data-start=\"540\" data-end=\"583\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Statutes_and_Legislative_Regulations\"><\/span><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"543\" data-end=\"583\">Statutes and Legislative Regulations<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"585\" data-end=\"1137\"><strong data-start=\"585\" data-end=\"597\">Statutes<\/strong> constitute the <strong data-start=\"613\" data-end=\"676\">primary and most important source of commercial law in Turkey<\/strong>. The foundation of <strong data-start=\"696\" data-end=\"720\">Turkish business law<\/strong> is established primarily by the <strong data-start=\"753\" data-end=\"789\">Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102<\/strong>, together with various other statutes and legislative regulations. In addition, the <strong data-start=\"874\" data-end=\"905\">Turkish Code of Obligations<\/strong>, the <strong data-start=\"911\" data-end=\"946\">Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code<\/strong>, the <strong data-start=\"952\" data-end=\"992\">Law on the Protection of Competition<\/strong>, the <strong data-start=\"998\" data-end=\"1036\">Law on the Protection of Consumers<\/strong>, and other relevant legislation also play a significant role in regulating <strong>commercial relationships in Turkey.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1139\" data-end=\"1450\">These statutes establish the fundamental legal rules governing <strong data-start=\"1202\" data-end=\"1250\">the incorporation and operation of companies<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1252\" data-end=\"1278\">commercial enterprises<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1280\" data-end=\"1304\">commercial contracts<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1306\" data-end=\"1332\">negotiable instruments<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1334\" data-end=\"1356\">unfair competition<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"1362\" data-end=\"1385\">commercial disputes<\/strong>, as well as many other matters related to<strong> commercial activities in Turkey.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"fpibbn\" data-start=\"1457\" data-end=\"1482\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Judicial_Decisions\"><\/span><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"1460\" data-end=\"1482\">Judicial Decisions<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1484\" data-end=\"1799\"><strong data-start=\"1484\" data-end=\"1506\">Judicial decisions<\/strong> <strong>are among the important sources of commercial law in Turkey<\/strong>, particularly with respect to the interpretation and application of legal provisions. In particular, the decisions of the <strong data-start=\"1693\" data-end=\"1726\">Court of Cassation\u00a0serve as important guidance<\/strong> regarding the application of commercial law.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1801\" data-end=\"2192\">Judgments rendered by the courts <strong>contribute to legal certainty by promoting consistency in the resolution of similar disputes<\/strong> and guiding legal practice. Although judicial decisions are <strong data-start=\"1991\" data-end=\"2030\">not formally binding sources of law<\/strong> under the Turkish legal system, <strong data-start=\"2063\" data-end=\"2113\">well-established Court of Cassation precedents<\/strong> carry significant persuasive authority and are highly influential in practice.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"1xtly6y\" data-start=\"2199\" data-end=\"2238\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Commercial_Customs_and_Practices\"><\/span><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"2202\" data-end=\"2238\">Commercial Customs and Practices<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2240\" data-end=\"2564\"><strong data-start=\"2240\" data-end=\"2276\">Commercial customs and practices<\/strong> <strong>are among the important sources of business law in Turkey<\/strong>. Customs that have been consistently followed within a particular sector of commerce and have gained <strong data-start=\"2440\" data-end=\"2478\">general acceptance among merchants<\/strong> may be taken into consideration where there is <strong data-start=\"2526\" data-end=\"2563\">no applicable statutory provision<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2566\" data-end=\"2879\"><strong>Due to the rapidly evolving nature of commercial life, certain business practices may, over time, acquire the status of commercial custom<\/strong>. The Turkish Commercial Code also expressly refers to <strong>commercial customs and practices<\/strong> in certain circumstances, thereby allowing them to be applied where appropriate.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"7xlmy2\" data-start=\"2886\" data-end=\"2907\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Legal_Doctrine\"><\/span><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"2889\" data-end=\"2907\">Legal Doctrine<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2909\" data-end=\"3190\"><strong data-start=\"2909\" data-end=\"2927\">Legal doctrine<\/strong> <strong>refers to the scholarly opinions and academic writings produced by legal scholars and academics.<\/strong> Although doctrinal opinions are <strong data-start=\"3057\" data-end=\"3080\">not legally binding<\/strong>, they play an important role in the <strong data-start=\"3117\" data-end=\"3189\">interpretation, development, and evolution of business law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3192\" data-end=\"3369\">Turkish courts may rely on doctrinal opinions, particularly when dealing with <strong data-start=\"3270\" data-end=\"3311\">complex or controversial legal issues<\/strong>, to support the interpretation of commercial legislation.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"ld8swm\" data-start=\"3376\" data-end=\"3405\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"International_Treaties\"><\/span><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"3379\" data-end=\"3405\">International Treaties<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3407\" data-end=\"3738\"><strong data-start=\"3407\" data-end=\"3433\">International treaties<\/strong> <strong>are an important source of<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"3461\" data-end=\"3489\">trade law in Turkey<\/strong>, particularly in relation to <strong data-start=\"3519\" data-end=\"3559\">cross-border commercial transactions<\/strong>. With the expansion of global trade, numerous <strong>international conventions<\/strong> have been adopted to regulate commercial relationships between companies operating in different countries.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3740\" data-end=\"3982\">One of the most significant international instruments is the <strong data-start=\"3801\" data-end=\"3886\">United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)<\/strong>, which establishes the legal rules governing <strong data-start=\"3932\" data-end=\"3981\">international contracts for the sale of goods<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3984\" data-end=\"4334\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\"><strong>International treaties to which Turkey is a party may be directly applicable in the resolution of commercial disputes when the legal requirements for their application are satisfied.<\/strong> Accordingly, such treaties constitute<strong> an important source of<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"4236\" data-end=\"4262\">business law in Turkey<\/strong> and contribute to the regulation of international commercial relations.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-section-id=\"qlm5v0\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"50\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"WHAT_IS_THE_SCOPE_OF_BUSINESS_LAW_IN_TURKEY\"><\/span><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"2\" data-end=\"50\">WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF BUSINESS LAW IN TURKEY?<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"52\" data-end=\"572\"><strong data-start=\"52\" data-end=\"78\">Business law in Turkey<\/strong> is a comprehensive branch of law that regulates the activities of <strong data-start=\"145\" data-end=\"171\">commercial enterprises<\/strong>, <strong>the legal relationships between merchants, and the functioning of commercial life.<\/strong> Aiming to ensure that commercial activities are conducted in a <strong data-start=\"323\" data-end=\"366\">secure, orderly, and predictable manner<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"368\" data-end=\"394\">business law in Turkey<\/strong> encompasses numerous legal fields, including <strong data-start=\"440\" data-end=\"455\">company law<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"457\" data-end=\"481\">commercial contracts<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"483\" data-end=\"502\">competition law<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"504\" data-end=\"536\">international trade law<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"542\" data-end=\"571\">commercial enterprise law<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"1lwzk3c\" data-start=\"579\" data-end=\"597\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Company_Law\"><\/span><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"582\" data-end=\"597\">Company Law<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"599\" data-end=\"941\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/corporate-law-in-turkey\/\"><strong data-start=\"599\" data-end=\"614\">Corporate law in Turkey<\/strong><\/a> is one of the most comprehensive and frequently practiced areas of <strong data-start=\"682\" data-end=\"710\">commercial law in Turkey<\/strong>. It governs the <strong data-start=\"727\" data-end=\"772\">incorporation, operation, and dissolution<\/strong> of commercial companies, including <strong data-start=\"808\" data-end=\"833\">joint stock companies<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"835\" data-end=\"866\">limited liability companies<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"868\" data-end=\"892\">general partnerships<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"894\" data-end=\"918\">limited partnerships<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"924\" data-end=\"940\">cooperatives<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"943\" data-end=\"1289\">The principal areas covered by company law include <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/company-types-in-turkey\/\"><strong data-start=\"994\" data-end=\"1026\">company formation procedures in Turkey<\/strong><\/a>, <strong data-start=\"1028\" data-end=\"1050\">capital structures<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1052\" data-end=\"1098\">the rights and obligations of shareholders<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1100\" data-end=\"1155\">the duties and powers of corporate governing bodies<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1157\" data-end=\"1188\">general assembly procedures<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1190\" data-end=\"1218\">mergers and acquisitions<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1220\" data-end=\"1256\">capital increases and reductions<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"1262\" data-end=\"1288\">liquidation procedures<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"qdd1w8\" data-start=\"1296\" data-end=\"1323\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Commercial_Contracts\"><\/span><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"1299\" data-end=\"1323\">Commercial Contracts<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1325\" data-end=\"1617\"><strong data-start=\"1325\" data-end=\"1349\">Commercial contracts form the foundation of commercial life<\/strong>. The legal relationships between merchants and companies are established primarily through <strong>contractual arrangements.<\/strong> Accordingly, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/contract-law-in-turkey\/\"><strong data-start=\"1519\" data-end=\"1535\">contract law in Turkey<\/strong><\/a> constitutes one of the most significant components of <strong data-start=\"1590\" data-end=\"1616\">business law.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1619\" data-end=\"2054\">Within this framework, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/types-of-employment-contracts\/\"><strong data-start=\"1642\" data-end=\"1666\">employment contracts<\/strong><\/a> used in businesses&#8217; human resources operations and <strong data-start=\"1718\" data-end=\"1773\">termination processes involving dismissed employees<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1775\" data-end=\"1810\">contracts for the sale of goods<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1812\" data-end=\"1834\">service agreements<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1836\" data-end=\"1863\">distribution agreements<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1865\" data-end=\"1890\">dealership agreements<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1892\" data-end=\"1916\">franchise agreements<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1918\" data-end=\"1939\">agency agreements<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1941\" data-end=\"1965\">licensing agreements<\/strong>, and other types of commercial contracts are all governed by <strong data-start=\"2027\" data-end=\"2053\">business law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2056\" data-end=\"2432\"><strong>Contracts for the sale of goods, service agreements, distribution agreements, dealership agreements, franchise agreements, agency agreements, licensing agreements, and other commercial contracts also fall within this scope.<\/strong> Commercial law in Turkey regulates <strong>the drafting, interpretation, performance, and legal consequences<\/strong> arising from the breach of these contracts.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"1axlxar\" data-start=\"2439\" data-end=\"2484\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Competition_Law_and_Unfair_Competition\"><\/span><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"2442\" data-end=\"2484\">Competition Law and Unfair Competition<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2486\" data-end=\"2758\"><strong data-start=\"2486\" data-end=\"2505\">Competition law in Turkey<\/strong> <strong>aims to protect fair competition in the marketplace and ensure that economic activities are conducted under fair market conditions.<\/strong> For a free market economy to function effectively, businesses must comply with the applicable <strong data-start=\"2736\" data-end=\"2757\">competition rules<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2760\" data-end=\"3104\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Accordingly, issues such as <strong data-start=\"2788\" data-end=\"2820\">unfair competition practices<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"2822\" data-end=\"2853\">anti-competitive agreements<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"2855\" data-end=\"2891\">the abuse of a dominant position<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"2893\" data-end=\"2904\">cartels<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"2910\" data-end=\"2952\">the review of mergers and acquisitions<\/strong> fall within the scope of competition law in Turkey. The protection of competition contributes to safeguarding the interests of <strong data-start=\"3070\" data-end=\"3103\">both businesses and consumers<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"International_Trade_Law\"><\/span><strong>International Trade Law<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>International trade law<\/strong> encompasses the legal rules governing commercial relationships between <strong>natural and legal persons<\/strong> located in different countries. As <strong>global trade<\/strong> continues to expand, the importance of this <strong>area of<\/strong> <strong>commercial law in Turkey<\/strong> has increased significantly.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>Export transactions<\/strong>, <strong>import transactions<\/strong>, <strong>international sales contracts<\/strong>, <strong>delivery terms<\/strong>, <strong>payment methods<\/strong>, <strong>international commercial disputes<\/strong>, <strong>foreign investment transactions<\/strong>, and <strong>international arbitration<\/strong> are among the principal areas of international trade law in Turkey. This field establishes the <strong>rights and obligations of the parties<\/strong> involved in <strong>cross-border commercial relationships<\/strong>, thereby providing legal certainty in international business transactions.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Commercial_Enterprise_Law\"><\/span><strong>Commercial Enterprise Law<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>Commercial enterprise law in Turkey<\/strong> regulates the legal relationships that arise throughout the entire lifecycle of a commercial enterprise, from its <strong>establishment<\/strong> to its <strong>termination<\/strong>. The <strong>transfer of a commercial enterprise<\/strong>, <strong>the conduct of its business activities, and the legal structure of the commercial organization<\/strong> constitute the core subjects of this field.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Within this scope, matters such as <strong>registration with the trade registry<\/strong>, <strong>trade names<\/strong>, <strong>business names<\/strong>, <strong>commercial representatives<\/strong>, <strong>commercial agents (commercial attorneys-in-fact)<\/strong>, <strong>the keeping of commercial books<\/strong>, <strong>current account relationships<\/strong>, <strong>bankruptcy<\/strong>, <strong>concordat (court-approved debt restructuring)<\/strong>, and other commercial enterprise transactions fall within the scope of <strong>business law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Negotiable_Instruments_Law\"><\/span><strong>Negotiable Instruments Law<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>Negotiable instruments law in Turkey<\/strong> is one of the major sub-branches of <strong>commercial law<\/strong>. <strong>Negotiable instruments<\/strong> are documents embodying rights that <strong>cannot be asserted or transferred independently of the instrument itself<\/strong>. In practice, the most commonly used negotiable instruments are <strong>cheques<\/strong>, <strong>promissory notes (bills of exchange payable to order)<\/strong>, and <strong>bills of exchange<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Negotiable instruments law in Turkey regulates the <strong>issuance<\/strong>, <strong>transfer<\/strong>, <strong>collection<\/strong>, <strong>endorsement<\/strong>, <strong>statutory limitation periods<\/strong>, and <strong>disputes arising from negotiable instruments<\/strong>. Negotiable instruments perform a vital function in ensuring that <strong>commercial life operates securely and efficiently<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Transportation_and_Insurance_Law\"><\/span><strong>Transportation and Insurance Law<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>Transportation law<\/strong> governs the legal relationships arising from the <strong>transportation of goods and passengers<\/strong>. The <strong>rights and obligations of carriers and consignors<\/strong> in <strong>road, maritime, air, and rail transportation<\/strong> are evaluated within the scope of this field.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Insurance law<\/strong>, on the other hand, regulates <strong>insurance contracts<\/strong>, the legal relationship between the <strong>insurer<\/strong> and the <strong>policyholder<\/strong>, and the <strong>rights and obligations of the parties<\/strong> when an insured risk materializes. Insurance law in Turkey plays a significant role in <strong>protecting businesses against the risks that may arise during commercial activities<\/strong>, making it an important component of <strong>business law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"max-width: 620px; width: 100%; margin: 18px auto; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\">\n<div style=\"background: #8b3516; color: #fff; padding: 9px; text-align: center; border-radius: 6px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;\">\u2696\ufe0f Key Areas of Commercial Law in Turkey<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-top: 8px; display: flex; gap: 7px; flex-wrap: wrap; box-sizing: border-box;\">\n<div style=\"width: calc(50% - 4px); box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #ddd; border-top: 4px solid #8b3516; border-radius: 6px; background: #fffdfb; padding: 9px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #8b3516; margin-bottom: 3px;\">\ud83c\udfe2 Corporate Law<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; color: #444;\">Company formation, shareholding structures, general meetings, management, mergers and acquisitions.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"width: calc(50% - 4px); box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #ddd; border-top: 4px solid #8b3516; border-radius: 6px; background: #fffdfb; padding: 9px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #8b3516; margin-bottom: 3px;\">\ud83d\udcc4 Commercial Contracts<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; color: #444;\">Sales, service, distribution, dealership, franchise, agency and other commercial contracts.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"width: calc(50% - 4px); box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #ddd; border-top: 4px solid #8b3516; border-radius: 6px; background: #fffdfb; padding: 9px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #8b3516; margin-bottom: 3px;\">\ud83c\udf10 International Trade<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; color: #444;\">International contracts, import and export transactions, and cross-border commercial disputes.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"width: calc(50% - 4px); box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #ddd; border-top: 4px solid #8b3516; border-radius: 6px; background: #fffdfb; padding: 9px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #8b3516; margin-bottom: 3px;\">\u2694\ufe0f Unfair Competition<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; color: #444;\">Unfair competitive practices and legal proceedings concerning the protection of business reputation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"width: calc(50% - 4px); box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #ddd; border-top: 4px solid #8b3516; border-radius: 6px; background: #fffdfb; padding: 9px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #8b3516; margin-bottom: 3px;\">\ud83d\udcb3 Negotiable Instruments<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; color: #444;\">Rights arising from checks, promissory notes and bills of exchange, collection procedures and enforcement disputes.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"width: calc(50% - 4px); box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #ddd; border-top: 4px solid #8b3516; border-radius: 6px; background: #fffdfb; padding: 9px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #8b3516; margin-bottom: 3px;\">\ud83d\udee1\ufe0f Insurance Law<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; color: #444;\">Insurance contracts, coverage, claims and compensation, and insurance-related disputes.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"WHAT_ARE_COMMERCIAL_LAWSUITS_IN_TURKEY\"><\/span><strong>WHAT ARE COMMERCIAL LAWSUITS IN TURKEY?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Commercial lawsuits in Turkey<\/strong> are legal proceedings in which disputes arising <strong>between commercial enterprises<\/strong> or <strong>from the status of being a merchant<\/strong> are resolved before the <strong>commercial courts<\/strong>. Under the Turkish legal system, commercial lawsuits are primarily governed by the <strong>Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102<\/strong> and the <strong>Code of Civil Procedure No. 6100<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Commercial lawsuits in Turkey<\/strong> cover a broad range of disputes, including <strong>breaches of commercial contracts<\/strong>, <strong>compensation claims<\/strong>, <strong>company disputes<\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/debt-enforcement-in-turkey\/\"><strong>bankruptcy and concordat proceedings<\/strong><\/a>, and <strong>commercial debt recovery actions<\/strong>. The prompt, predictable, and expert resolution of these disputes is of great importance for maintaining <strong>the security of commercial life<\/strong> and <strong>economic stability<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>In Turkey, <strong>commercial lawsuits<\/strong> are generally heard before the <strong>commercial courts<\/strong>, which are <strong>specialized courts staffed by judges with expertise in commercial law<\/strong>. This specialization aims to ensure that commercial disputes are resolved <strong>more efficiently<\/strong> <strong>and with a higher level of technical accuracy.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In addition to litigation, <strong>alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods<\/strong> also play an important role in resolving <strong>commercial disputes in Turkey.<\/strong> In particular, <strong>mediation<\/strong> and <strong>arbitration<\/strong> are frequently preferred as effective mechanisms for<strong> the resolution of commercial disputes in Turkey.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Some of the most common types of <strong>commercial lawsuits in Turkey<\/strong> are outlined below.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lawsuits_Arising_from_Breaches_of_Commercial_Contracts_in_Turkey\"><\/span><strong>Lawsuits Arising from Breaches of Commercial Contracts in Turkey<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Commercial contract disputes<\/strong> <strong>in Turkey arise when one or more parties fail to comply with the terms of a contract concluded within a commercial relationship.<\/strong> Matters such as <strong>failure to deliver goods<\/strong>, <strong>defective or incomplete performance<\/strong>, <strong>failure to properly perform services<\/strong>, and <strong>other breaches of contractual obligations<\/strong> fall within this category. These lawsuits represent one of the <strong>most common types of commercial disputes in Turkey<\/strong> encountered in commercial life.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Commercial_Compensation_Lawsuits_in_Turkey\"><\/span><strong>Commercial Compensation Lawsuits in Turkey<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Compensation lawsuits<\/strong> are filed to recover losses suffered by one party as a result of the <strong>unlawful acts<\/strong> of another. Circumstances such as <strong>unfair competition<\/strong>, <strong>the delivery of defective products<\/strong>, <strong>breach of contract<\/strong>, or <strong>damage to commercial reputation<\/strong> may give rise to liability for compensation. The primary purpose of these lawsuits is to ensure that the injured party receives <strong>financial compensation for the damages suffered<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Agency_Dealership_and_Distributorship_Disputes_in_Turkey\"><\/span><strong>Agency, Dealership, and Distributorship Disputes in Turkey<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Disputes arising from <strong>agency<\/strong>, <strong>dealership<\/strong>, and <strong>distributorship<\/strong> relationships are among the most common types of <strong>commercial lawsuits in Turkey<\/strong>. These disputes generally arise as a result of the <strong>termination of long-term commercial relationships<\/strong>, <strong>breach of contract<\/strong>, or the <strong>wrongful termination<\/strong> of contractual agreements.<\/p>\n<p>In particular, disputes involving <strong>commission claims<\/strong>, <strong>portfolio compensation (goodwill indemnity)<\/strong>, <strong>lawful or unlawful termination of contracts<\/strong>, <strong>violations of territorial exclusivity<\/strong>, <strong>breaches of non-compete obligations<\/strong>, and <strong>issues arising from supply relationships<\/strong> constitute the principal subjects of this type of litigation. Such disputes frequently involve <strong>high-value compensation claims<\/strong> and <strong>commercial receivables<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Intellectual_and_Industrial_Property_Lawsuits_in_Turkey\"><\/span><strong>Intellectual and Industrial Property Lawsuits in Turkey<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Intellectual and industrial property lawsuits in Turkey<\/strong> arise from infringements of rights relating to <strong>trademarks<\/strong>, <strong>patents<\/strong>, <strong>industrial designs<\/strong>, and <strong>copyrights<\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/trademark-registration-in-turkey\/\"><strong>Trademark infringement<\/strong><\/a>, <strong>patent infringement<\/strong>, <strong>unauthorized use of intellectual property<\/strong>, and <strong>counterfeit products<\/strong> are among the primary issues addressed in these proceedings. These lawsuits are particularly significant in industries where <strong>market competition is intense<\/strong> <strong>and intellectual property rights play a crucial role.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Competition_Law_Lawsuits_in_Turkey\"><\/span><strong>Competition Law Lawsuits in Turkey<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Competition law lawsuits in Turkey<\/strong> arise from conduct that violates the principles of <strong>fair competition<\/strong> in the marketplace. Matters such as <strong>cartels<\/strong>, <strong>abuse of a dominant position<\/strong>, <strong>anti-competitive agreements<\/strong>, and <strong>acts of unfair competition<\/strong> fall within the scope of these proceedings. Such cases may involve both <strong>investigations and decisions of the Turkish Competition Authority<\/strong> as well as <strong>judicial proceedings before the competent courts<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bankruptcy_and_Concordat_Proceedings_in_Turkey\"><\/span><strong>Bankruptcy and Concordat Proceedings in Turkey<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Bankruptcy proceedings<\/strong> <strong>in Turkey<\/strong> concern the <strong>liquidation of the assets<\/strong> of merchants who are unable to satisfy their financial obligations. <strong>Concordat proceedings<\/strong>, on the other hand, are intended to enable a financially distressed business to <strong>restructure its debts<\/strong> through an agreement with its creditors <strong>while continuing its commercial activities.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>These proceedings are of <strong>critical importance to commercial life<\/strong>, particularly during periods of <strong>economic uncertainty or financial crisis<\/strong>, as they provide legal mechanisms for the protection of both debtors and creditors under <strong>business law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Company_Law_Disputes_in_Turkey\"><\/span><strong>Company Law Disputes in Turkey<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Company law disputes in Turkey<\/strong> involve legal conflicts arising between <strong>shareholders<\/strong>, <strong>company directors<\/strong>, or other <strong>corporate bodies<\/strong>. Matters such as the <strong>annulment of general assembly resolutions<\/strong>, <strong>shareholder disputes<\/strong>, <strong>the liability of board members<\/strong>, and <strong>the dissolution of companies<\/strong> fall within this category of <strong>commercial lawsuits in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Maritime_Commercial_Law_Disputes\"><\/span><strong>Maritime Commercial Law Disputes\u00a0<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Maritime commercial law disputes<\/strong> arise from maritime activities, including <strong>ship charter agreements<\/strong>, <strong>cargo transportation<\/strong>, <strong>maritime accidents<\/strong>, and <strong>marine insurance<\/strong>. In particular, issues relating to <strong>liability and damages arising from international maritime transportation<\/strong> are evaluated within this field.<\/p>\n<p>In the context of maritime transportation, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/maritime-labor-law-in-turkey\/\"><strong>the rights of seafarers<\/strong><\/a> also constitute an important subfield, intersecting both <strong>transportation law<\/strong> and <strong>commercial law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"International_Trade_Disputes\"><\/span><strong>International Trade Disputes<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>International commercial disputes<\/strong> arise from commercial relationships between parties located in different countries. In such disputes, <strong>international arbitration<\/strong>, <strong>ICC arbitration<\/strong>, and other <strong>alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms<\/strong> are frequently preferred.<\/p>\n<p>Disputes relating to <strong>export and import contracts<\/strong>, <strong>international trade transactions<\/strong>, and <strong>cross-border delivery obligations<\/strong> are among the principal matters addressed in this area.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tax_Disputes_in_turkey\"><\/span><strong>Tax Disputes in turkey<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tax disputes in Turkey<\/strong> arise from disagreements between <strong>commercial enterprises<\/strong> and the <strong>tax authorities<\/strong>. Matters such as <strong>tax penalties<\/strong>, <strong>tax assessments<\/strong>, <strong>tax incentives and deductions<\/strong>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/tax-liability-responsibility-in-companies-in-turkey\/\">the tax liability of shareholders<\/a> and company directors for corporate tax debts<\/strong>, and <strong>tax refund claims<\/strong> constitute the primary subjects of these proceedings in Turkey. Obtaining <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/legal-services\/tax-lawyer-in-turkey\/\"><strong>tax law advice in Turkey<\/strong><\/a> is particularly important when <strong>managing and resolving tax disputes effectively.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The scope of <strong>commercial lawsuits in Turkey<\/strong> is extensive due to the diverse nature of commercial activities. Each category of commercial litigation is governed by its own <strong>legal procedures<\/strong>, <strong>substantive rules<\/strong>, and <strong>judicial assessment criteria<\/strong>. For this reason, successfully managing and resolving commercial disputes requires <strong>specialized knowledge and experience in business law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><a ref=\"magnificPopup\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/ticaret-hukuku-avukati-scaled-e1735593788825.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-us_800_400 wp-image-3314\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/ticaret-hukuku-avukati-800x202.jpg\" alt=\"commercial disputes in Turkey\" width=\"800\" height=\"202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/ticaret-hukuku-avukati-800x202.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/ticaret-hukuku-avukati-300x76.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/ticaret-hukuku-avukati-1024x259.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/ticaret-hukuku-avukati-100x25.jpg 100w, https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/ticaret-hukuku-avukati-90x23.jpg 90w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"IS_MEDIATION_MANDATORY_IN_COMMERCIAL_LAWSUITS_IN_TURKEY\"><\/span>IS MEDIATION MANDATORY IN COMMERCIAL LAWSUITS IN TURKEY?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/mediation-process-in-turkey\/\"><strong>The<\/strong> <strong>mediation process in commercial lawsuits in Turkey<\/strong><\/a> was introduced into the Turkish legal system by <strong>Law No. 7155<\/strong> and entered into force on <strong>1 January 2019<\/strong> as a form of <strong>mandatory pre-litigation mediation (a condition of litigation)<\/strong> in certain commercial disputes. With this regulation, parties are required to apply to a mediator <strong>before filing a lawsuit in specific types of commercial disputes in Turkey<\/strong>, particularly those involving <strong>claims for receivables and compensation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Under the <strong>Turkish Commercial Code<\/strong> and relevant legislation, mediation has become a <strong>mandatory prerequisite for filing a lawsuit<\/strong> in cases involving claims for <strong>payment of a specific amount of money<\/strong>, such as <strong>debt recovery and compensation claims<\/strong>. Accordingly, in order to initiate a lawsuit, the parties must first complete the mediation process and obtain a <strong>final mediation report<\/strong>. Otherwise, any lawsuit filed without fulfilling this requirement will be <strong>dismissed on procedural grounds due to the absence of a condition of litigation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">During the mediation process, the parties attempt to resolve their dispute with the assistance of an <strong>independent mediator<\/strong> before going to court. If an agreement is reached at the end of the process, a <strong>legally binding mediation settlement agreement<\/strong> is prepared, and the dispute is terminated. <strong>If no agreement is reached, the parties regain the right to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/file-a-lawsuit-in-turkey\/\">file a lawsuit in Turkey.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">The mediation period is generally completed within <strong>six weeks from the date of application<\/strong>, and may be extended by <strong>an additional two weeks in exceptional circumstances<\/strong>. During this period, negotiations are conducted between the parties, and the possibility of settlement is evaluated. In addition, <strong>statutes of limitation are suspended and limitation periods do not run during the mediation process<\/strong>, thereby preventing any loss of rights.<\/p>\n<p>In conclusion, <strong>mandatory mediation in commercial disputes in Turkey<\/strong> is an important <strong>alternative dispute resolution mechanism<\/strong> aimed at resolving commercial conflicts in a <strong>faster, more cost-effective, and amicable manner<\/strong> under <strong>business law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"WHAT_IS_A_COMMERCIAL_CONTRACT\"><\/span><strong>WHAT IS A COMMERCIAL CONTRACT?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Commercial contracts<\/strong> are legal agreements that regulate the legal relationships established between <strong>merchants<\/strong> and <strong>commercial enterprises<\/strong>, creating <strong>mutual rights, obligations, and liabilities<\/strong> for the parties. Although these contracts are prepared in accordance with the <strong>principle of freedom of contract<\/strong>, they must also comply with <strong>mandatory provisions of law<\/strong> and the requirements of commercial practice under <strong>business law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Commercial contracts<\/strong> ensure that economic relationships between merchants are conducted in a <strong>secure, predictable, and legally certain manner<\/strong>. In this context, the proper drafting of contracts, <strong>the balanced allocation of risks, and the protection of the parties&#8217; interests constitute the primary objectives of commercial contract law<\/strong>. Today, companies and merchants are connected through an extensive network of commercial agreements at both the <strong>national<\/strong> and <strong>international<\/strong> levels.<\/p>\n<p>The most common types of <strong>commercial contracts<\/strong> include <strong>mergers and acquisitions (M&amp;A) agreements<\/strong>, <strong>sales contracts<\/strong>, <strong>distributorship agreements<\/strong>, <strong>dealership agreements<\/strong>, <strong>agency agreements<\/strong>, <strong>franchise agreements<\/strong>, <strong>licensing agreements<\/strong>, <strong>logistics and transportation agreements<\/strong>, <strong>lease agreements<\/strong>, <strong>loan and financing agreements<\/strong>, and <strong>service agreements<\/strong>. These contracts are designed to ensure that commercial activities are conducted efficiently while providing <strong>legal certainty<\/strong> between the parties.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The content of commercial contracts is of critical importance.<\/strong> Deficiencies, ambiguities, or provisions that disproportionately disadvantage one party may result in <strong>significant legal disputes<\/strong> and <strong>substantial financial losses<\/strong> in the future. For this reason, obtaining <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/online-legal-services\/\"><strong>professional legal assistance<\/strong><\/a> during both the <strong>drafting and implementation of commercial contracts<\/strong> is essential for identifying and minimizing potential legal and commercial risks.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"WHAT_ARE_THE_TYPES_OF_COMMERCIAL_CONTRACTS_IN_TURKEY\"><\/span><strong>WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS IN TURKEY?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>Commercial contracts<\/strong> are agreements that form the legal foundation of commercial relationships and create <strong>rights and obligations<\/strong> between the parties. Under <strong>business law in Turkey<\/strong>, commercial contracts are drafted in accordance with the <strong>principle of freedom of contract<\/strong>, provided that they comply with the <strong>mandatory provisions of law<\/strong>. Commercial contracts cover a broad range of matters, from <strong>the sale of goods and services<\/strong> to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/ip-law-in-turkey\/\"><strong>intellectual property rights<\/strong><\/a> and <strong>strategic business partnerships<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>The proper drafting of commercial contracts<\/strong> is of great importance in ensuring that risks are allocated fairly between the parties and <strong>that potential disputes are prevented.<\/strong> The most common types of <strong>commercial contracts in Turkey<\/strong> are explained below.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Commercial Sales Agreement: <\/strong>A <strong>commercial sales agreement<\/strong> is a contract concluded between a seller and a buyer concerning the transfer of <strong>goods or services<\/strong>. Such agreements regulate matters including the <strong>purchase price<\/strong>, <strong>delivery terms<\/strong>, <strong>payment methods<\/strong>, <strong>warranties<\/strong>, and <strong>the rights and liabilities of the parties<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Commercial Lease Agreement: <\/strong>A <strong>commercial lease agreement<\/strong> governs the transfer of the right to use <strong>movable property or real estate<\/strong> for a specified period in exchange for consideration. As part of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/real-estate-law-in-turkey\/\"><strong>Turkish<\/strong> <strong>real estate law<\/strong><\/a>, the tenant acquires <strong>the right to use the leased property<\/strong> while assuming the obligation to pay the agreed rent.<\/li>\n<li><strong>License Agreement: <\/strong>A <strong>license agreement<\/strong> is a contract governing the use of <strong>intellectual and industrial property rights in Turkey<\/strong>. It regulates the granting of the right to use <strong>patents<\/strong>, <strong>trademarks<\/strong>, <strong>copyrights<\/strong>, <strong>or other intellectual property rights<\/strong> to third parties under specified terms and conditions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Supply Agreement: <\/strong>A <strong>supply agreement<\/strong> is a contract under which one party undertakes to provide specified <strong>goods or services<\/strong> on a regular basis. The agreement typically sets out detailed provisions regarding <strong>quantity<\/strong>, <strong>quality<\/strong>, <strong>delivery schedules<\/strong>, and <strong>payment terms<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Franchise Agreement: <\/strong>A <strong>franchise agreement<\/strong> governs the right to use a brand&#8217;s <strong>business model<\/strong>, <strong>know-how<\/strong>, and commercial system under specified conditions. The franchisee obtains <strong>the right to operate under the franchisor&#8217;s brand<\/strong> while assuming the obligation to comply with predetermined operational standards.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Agency Agreement: <\/strong>An <strong>agency agreement establishes the commercial relationship<\/strong> under which an agent represents and markets <strong>a company&#8217;s products or services<\/strong> within a specified territory. The <strong>commercial agent<\/strong> is responsible for identifying customers and facilitating the conclusion of contracts on behalf of the principal.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Joint Venture Agreement: <\/strong>A <strong>joint venture agreement<\/strong> regulates <strong>the establishment of a collaborative business<\/strong> structure between <strong>two or more companies<\/strong> for a specific project or commercial activity. Such agreements determine the <strong>profit-sharing arrangements<\/strong>, <strong>management structure<\/strong>, and <strong>allocation of responsibilities<\/strong> between the parties.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Consultancy Agreement: <\/strong>A <strong>consultancy agreement<\/strong> governs the provision of <strong>professional advisory services<\/strong> by an expert or consultant in a particular field. The agreement typically specifies the <strong>scope of services<\/strong>, <strong>duration<\/strong>, <strong>fees<\/strong>, and <strong>responsibilities<\/strong> of the parties.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA): <\/strong>A <strong>Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA)<\/strong> is intended to protect <strong>trade secrets<\/strong> and <strong>confidential information<\/strong> exchanged during commercial relationships. Such agreements safeguard confidential information by regulating the parties&#8217; <strong>use of information<\/strong> and <strong>non-disclosure obligations<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Corporate Services Agreement: <\/strong>A <strong>corporate services agreement<\/strong> is a type of commercial contract under which one company agrees to provide <strong>a particular service to another company on a<\/strong> <strong>continuous<\/strong>, <strong>recurring<\/strong>, or <strong>project-specific<\/strong> basis. These agreements are commonly used for <strong>consultancy services<\/strong>, <strong>software development<\/strong>, <strong>information technology (IT) services<\/strong>, <strong>accounting<\/strong>, <strong>human resources<\/strong>, <strong>marketing<\/strong>, and <strong>outsourcing services<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dealership and Distributorship Agreements: <\/strong><strong>Dealership<\/strong> and <strong>distributorship agreements<\/strong> regulate the commercial relationship between a <strong>manufacturer or supplier<\/strong> and a <strong>dealer or distributor<\/strong> responsible for selling and distributing products within a specified territory. These agreements play a <strong>critical role in establishing commercial distribution networks<\/strong> and ensuring that products are effectively introduced to the market. They constitute an important part of <strong>commercial law in Turkey<\/strong> and are widely used in both domestic and international commercial transactions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"HOW_TO_PREPARE_A_COMMERCIAL_CONTRACT_IN_TURKEY\"><\/span><strong>HOW TO PREPARE A COMMERCIAL CONTRACT IN TURKEY?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>Commercial contracts<\/strong> are legally binding documents that define the <strong>rights and obligations of the parties<\/strong> in commercial relationships and produce <strong>binding legal consequences<\/strong>. Therefore, the process of preparing a contract is not limited to simple text drafting; it also involves a <strong>legal, commercial, and strategic assessment process<\/strong> <strong>under<\/strong> <strong>business law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>The first stage of preparing a commercial contract in Turkey is the negotiation process between the parties.<\/strong> At this stage, the parties determine their <strong>commercial expectations<\/strong>, <strong>risks<\/strong>, and <strong>mutual obligations<\/strong>, thereby establishing the basic framework of the contract. <strong>The negotiation phase<\/strong> is of great importance in preventing potential future disputes.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Following negotiations,<strong> a draft contract is prepared<\/strong>. At this stage, the fundamental elements of the contract are determined, including <strong>party information<\/strong>, <strong>subject matter<\/strong>, <strong>price<\/strong>, <strong>payment terms<\/strong>, <strong>duration<\/strong>, <strong>delivery conditions<\/strong>, and <strong>liability provisions<\/strong>. The draft contract serves as a working document that can be revised by the parties before it is finalized.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Once the parties reach mutual agreement, the <strong>final contract text is prepared, signed, and enters into force.<\/strong> At this stage, the contract becomes a <strong>legally binding document reflecting the true intent of the parties<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">One of the most important aspects of <strong>preparing commercial contracts in Turkey<\/strong> is the principle of <strong>compliance with legislation<\/strong>. Contractual provisions must not be contrary to the <strong>Turkish Code of Obligations<\/strong>, the <strong>Turkish Commercial Code<\/strong>, or other relevant regulations. Otherwise, certain provisions of the contract <strong>may be deemed invalid or may lead to serious legal disputes<\/strong> in the future.<\/p>\n<p>For this reason, during <strong>the preparation of commercial contracts in Turkey<\/strong>, obtaining support from a <strong>qualified legal professional<\/strong> is of great importance in order to ensure both proper <strong>commercial risk management<\/strong> and <strong>legal validity<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Are_The_Legal_Considerations_When_Drafting_Commercial_Contracts_in_Turkey\"><\/span>What Are The Legal Considerations When Drafting Commercial Contracts in Turkey?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Commercial contracts<\/strong> concluded by companies in the course of their business activities are among<strong> the most fundamental instruments ensuring<\/strong> <strong>legal and financial security<\/strong> of enterprises. Contracts that are not prepared in accordance with the relevant legislation, primarily the <strong>Turkish Commercial Code (TCC)<\/strong> and the <strong>Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO)<\/strong>, may lead to significant<strong> financial losses and long-lasting legal disputes<\/strong>. In this respect, merchants who are subject to the obligation to act as a <strong>prudent merchant<\/strong> <strong>must pay attention to the following critical issues<\/strong> when preparing and signing commercial contracts under <strong>business law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Determination_of_Legal_Capacity_of_the_Parties\"><\/span><strong>1. Determination of Legal Capacity of the Parties<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><strong>Clearly identifying the parties<\/strong> to the contract without any ambiguity is the first essential requirement for <strong>the validity of the agreement in Turkey.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Verification of Trade Registry Records:<\/strong> The contract must include not only the trade names of the parties but also their <strong>MERSIS numbers<\/strong>, up-to-date records in the <strong>Trade Registry Gazette<\/strong>,<strong> tax office details, and full addresses.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Review of Representation Authority:<\/strong> It must be strictly verified whether <strong>the persons signing the contract are authorized to represent and bind the company.<\/strong> This should be confirmed through <strong>signature circulars and authorization documents<\/strong>. Contracts signed by unauthorized representatives <strong>may not bind the company under<\/strong> <strong>commercial law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Clarification_of_Contract_Subject_Matter_and_Obligations\"><\/span><strong>2. Clarification of Contract Subject Matter and Obligations<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><strong>The essential obligations and commitments<\/strong> forming the core of the contract must be defined in a <strong>clear, precise, and unambiguous manner<\/strong>. Any <strong>vague wording may be interpreted against the party<\/strong> in the event of a dispute before a court or arbitral tribunal. <strong>The expectations of the parties and the scope of the work must be clearly defined.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In long-term commercial relationships such as <strong>distributorship<\/strong>, <strong>dealership<\/strong>, <strong>franchise<\/strong>, or <strong>joint venture agreements<\/strong>, special attention must be given to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>cooperation terms between the parties,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>profit and loss distribution,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>limitations on subcontracting,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>and rules regarding joint and several liability for third-party damages.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Detailed_Regulation_of_Contractual_Terms\"><\/span><strong>3. Detailed Regulation of Contractual Terms<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><strong>The operational framework of the contract<\/strong> must be comprehensively regulated:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Financial Provisions: Payment terms, due dates, payment methods, default interest rates, currency fixation, or protection against exchange rate fluctuations <\/strong>must be clearly defined.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Logistics and Delivery: Delivery timelines, force majeure events, nature of goods or services, acceptance and inspection procedures, and penalty clauses<\/strong> must be clearly regulated.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Confidentiality_NDA_Non-Compete_and_Non-Solicitation_Clauses\"><\/span><strong>4. Confidentiality (NDA), Non-Compete, and Non-Solicitation Clauses<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Protecting <strong>trade secrets<\/strong>, <strong>customer portfolios, and know-how<\/strong> is critical for business continuity.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA):<\/strong> The scope of confidential information, duration of <strong>confidentiality obligations<\/strong> during and after termination, and <strong>strong penalty clauses<\/strong> for breaches must be clearly defined.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Non-Compete and Non-Solicitation Clauses:<\/strong> In accordance with mandatory provisions of the <strong>Turkish Code of Obligations<\/strong>, such restrictions must be reasonable in terms of <strong>duration, geographic scope, and activity field<\/strong>, and must comply with principles of fairness under <strong>business law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Dispute_Resolution_Methods_and_Jurisdiction_Clause\"><\/span><strong>5. Dispute Resolution Methods and Jurisdiction Clause<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><strong>A clear dispute resolution clause<\/strong> must be included to ensure efficient handling of potential disputes. Parties may choose:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>state courts,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>arbitration (a faster and specialized mechanism), or<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>mandatory\/voluntary mediation.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>The competent court or arbitration center<\/strong> must be explicitly stated in the contract.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Compliance_with_Mandatory_Law_and_Applicable_Legislation\"><\/span><strong>6. Compliance with Mandatory Law and Applicable Legislation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><strong>The principle of freedom of contract is not absolute in Turkey.<\/strong> Contractual provisions must comply with the mandatory rules of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>the Turkish Commercial Code,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>the Turkish Code of Obligations,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>the Personal Data Protection Law (KVKK),<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>and<\/strong> <strong>competition law regulations<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Provisions contrary to mandatory law, public order, or morality are considered <strong>absolutely void (null and void ab initio) in Turkey.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Amendment_and_Revision_Procedures\"><\/span><strong>7. Amendment and Revision Procedures<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>C<strong>ontracts may require updates due to changing economic conditions, legislative amendments, or developments in commercial relationships.<\/strong> Therefore, it is essential to include a strict clause stating that:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>all amendments and addenda must be made in writing, and<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>must be signed by authorized representatives to be valid.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Evidentiary_Considerations_in_Contract_Formation\"><\/span><strong>8. Evidentiary Considerations in Contract Formation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>For evidentiary purposes in <strong>commercial disputes in Turkey<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>contracts should be executed in written form,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>each page should be initialed by the parties,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>and signed with wet signatures or secure electronic signatures.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In addition, matters such as <strong>stamp duty obligations<\/strong>, <strong>potential fees, the number of original copies, and distribution of copies<\/strong> must be clearly specified.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Professional_Legal_Support_in_Company_and_Contract_Law\"><\/span><strong>9. Professional Legal Support in Company and Contract Law<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><strong>Commercial contracts should not be prepared using standard templates; instead, they must be tailored to the specific dynamics of each company<\/strong> (<strong>tailor-made drafting<\/strong>). Preventing high-value litigation depends directly on the legal precision applied during <strong>contract drafting in Turkey.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Therefore, obtaining professional legal support from <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/commercial-lawyer-in-turkey\/\">a commercial law attorney in Turkey<\/a><\/strong>, and where cross-border elements exist, from an <strong>international business law specialist<\/strong>, is essential to safeguard the future of companies and commercial enterprises under <strong>business law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Are_the_Common_Mistakes_in_Commercial_Contracts_in_Turkey\"><\/span>What Are the Common Mistakes in Commercial Contracts in Turkey?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In practice, it is frequently observed that companies and merchants <strong>rush the contract drafting stage<\/strong> due to the motivation to <strong>quickly commence commercial activities<\/strong>, and as a result, they make<strong> several critical mistakes.<\/strong> From the perspective of <strong>Turkish commercial<\/strong> <strong>contract law<\/strong>, the most common errors that <strong>jeopardize commercial relationships and may cause irreparable damages<\/strong> at the litigation stage are as follows:<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Use_of_Online_Templates_or_Standard_Form_Contracts\"><\/span><strong>1. Use of Online Templates or Standard Form Contracts<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Each commercial relationship has its own <strong>unique dynamics, risks, delivery conditions, and financial structure.<\/strong> The use of <strong>pre-prepared contract templates downloaded from the internet<\/strong>, which may belong to another company or sector, <strong>fails to protect the specific legal interests of the business.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Such contracts often do not align with the operational realities of the company and therefore become <strong>completely ineffective in the event of a dispute<\/strong> under <strong>business law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>The same risk also applies to contracts drafted using <strong>artificial intelligence tools<\/strong>. AI systems may sometimes produce so-called <strong>\u201challucinations\u201d<\/strong>, <strong>including non-existent legal provisions, incorrect statutory references, or legally inaccurate interpretations.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Inclusion_of_Excessively_High_Liquidated_Damages_Clauses\"><\/span><strong>2. Inclusion of Excessively High Liquidated Damages Clauses<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Pursuant to <strong>Article 22 of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC)<\/strong>, a debtor who has the status of a merchant cannot request a reduction of a <strong>liquidated damages clause<\/strong> on the grounds that it is excessive.<\/p>\n<p>While under general contract law (<strong>Turkish Code of Obligations \u2013 TCO<\/strong>) judges have the authority <strong>to reduce excessive penalty clauses<\/strong>, this protective mechanism is significantly limited in <strong>commercial contracts<\/strong> <strong>where both parties are merchants.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Therefore, disproportionately <strong>high penalty clauses included without proper legal assessment<\/strong> may become one of the most serious risks, potentially even leading to <strong>financial distress or bankruptcy of a company<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Ignoring_Language_Conflicts_in_Multilingual_Contracts\"><\/span><strong>3. Ignoring Language Conflicts in Multilingual Contracts<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>In international or foreign-element commercial relationships, contracts are often drafted in <strong>two parallel languages<\/strong>, most commonly<strong> Turkish and English.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>One of the most common and critical mistakes is failing to clearly specify<strong> which language version will prevail<\/strong> in case of any <strong>discrepancy between the two texts<\/strong> (the \u201c<strong>prevailing language clause<\/strong>\u201d).<\/p>\n<p>Without such a clause, <strong>conflicting interpretations between language versions<\/strong> may lead to serious legal uncertainty and disputes in the enforcement of the contract <strong>under commercial law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"17\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Legal Notice:<\/strong> In accordance with <strong data-start=\"37\" data-end=\"122\">Law No. 805 on the Compulsory Use of the Turkish Language in Economic Enterprises<\/strong>, it is mandatory for Turkish companies, in transactions between themselves within T\u00fcrkiye, to use the Turkish language. Therefore, the <strong data-start=\"258\" data-end=\"379\">choice of governing language \/ language precedence clause must be carefully drafted by a qualified legal professional<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Failure_to_Include_a_%E2%80%9CSeverability_Invalidity%E2%80%9D_Clause\"><\/span><strong>4. Failure to Include a \u201cSeverability \/ Invalidity\u201d Clause<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>If a single provision in a commercial contract violates mandatory provisions of applicable law or regulations (such as <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/data-protection-in-turkey\/\">Personal Data Protection Law<\/a><\/strong> or <strong>Competition Law<\/strong>), and unless otherwise agreed, this may result in the <strong>invalidity of the entire contract (absolute nullity)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The absence of a severability clause is a common mistake.<\/strong> When such a clause is included, even if one provision is declared invalid by a court, <strong>the remaining provisions of the contract continue to bind the parties<\/strong>, thereby ensuring <strong>the continuation of the commercial relationship.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Superficial_Drafting_of_Force_Majeure_Clauses\"><\/span><strong>5. Superficial Drafting of Force Majeure Clauses<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Events beyond the control of the parties\u2014<strong>such as pandemics, economic crises, wars, port blockages, or legislative changes<\/strong>\u2014should not be addressed with generic or superficial wording.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>force majeure clause<\/strong> must clearly define:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>which events are considered force majeure,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>notification obligations and time limits,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>and the duration after which the contract may be terminated without liability for damages.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Failure to properly structure these provisions may lead to serious legal uncertainty under <strong>business law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Reliance_on_Unauthorized_Signatories\"><\/span><strong>6. Reliance on Unauthorized Signatories<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><strong>Company managers or employees may not always have unlimited authority to bind the company in Turkey.<\/strong> Therefore, signature authority limits set out in the <strong>signature circular<\/strong> must be carefully verified, such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u201cA is authorized alone,\u201d<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u201cB and C must sign jointly,\u201d<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>or \u201cBoard resolution is required for transactions exceeding 500,000 TRY.\u201d<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Contracts signed without proper authorization may be deemed i<strong>nvalid or unenforceable<\/strong>, exposing parties to significant legal risks under <strong>commercial law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Failure_to_Determine_Stamp_Duty_and_Contract_Costs_Allocation\"><\/span><strong>7. Failure to Determine Stamp Duty and Contract Costs Allocation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><strong>Commercial contracts in Turkey are subject to stamp duty, either ad valorem or fixed<\/strong>. In practice, failure to determine <strong>which party bears this tax, how it will be declared to the tax authority, or whether it will be shared<\/strong> often creates disputes and trust issues at the very beginning of the relationship. Moreover, <strong>unpaid stamp duty may result in penalties and additional financial burdens<\/strong> when the contract is submitted as evidence in<strong> court proceedings in Turkey.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Similarly, practices such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/selling-property-lower-than-circle-rate\/\"><strong>underreporting the sale price in real estate transactions to reduce costs in Turkey<\/strong><\/a> may later lead to <strong>tax assessments and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/vat-in-turkey\/\">VAT penalties<\/a><\/strong>, creating significant financial exposure for companies under <strong>business law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"max-width: 620px; width: 100%; margin: 18px auto; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\">\n<div style=\"background: #8b3516; color: #fff; padding: 9px; text-align: center; border-radius: 6px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;\">\ud83d\udcc4 Key Checks for Commercial Contracts<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-top: 8px;\">\n<div style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; border-radius: 6px; background: #fffdfb; padding: 9px; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 7px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #000; margin-bottom: 6px;\">01 \u00b7 Parties and Obligations<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.55; color: #444;\">\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 3px;\"><span style=\"color: #8b3516; font-weight: bold;\">\u2713<\/span> The parties and their authority to act should be clear<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 3px;\"><span style=\"color: #8b3516; font-weight: bold;\">\u2713<\/span> The subject and key obligations should be clearly defined<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #c62828; font-weight: bold;\">\u2715<\/span> Vague or ambiguous obligations should be avoided<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; border-radius: 6px; background: #fffdfb; padding: 9px; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 7px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #000; margin-bottom: 6px;\">02 \u00b7 Risks and Protective Provisions<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.55; color: #444;\">\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 3px;\"><span style=\"color: #8b3516; font-weight: bold;\">\u2713<\/span> Penalty clauses and liability provisions should be addressed<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 3px;\"><span style=\"color: #8b3516; font-weight: bold;\">\u2713<\/span> Confidentiality, intellectual property and data protection should be considered<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #c62828; font-weight: bold;\">\u2715<\/span> The consequences of a breach should not be left undefined<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; border-radius: 6px; background: #fffdfb; padding: 9px; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 7px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #000; margin-bottom: 6px;\">03 \u00b7 Term and Termination<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.55; color: #444;\">\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 3px;\"><span style=\"color: #8b3516; font-weight: bold;\">\u2713<\/span> The contract term and renewal conditions should be specified<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 3px;\"><span style=\"color: #8b3516; font-weight: bold;\">\u2713<\/span> Termination grounds and notice periods should be clear<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #c62828; font-weight: bold;\">\u2715<\/span> Post-termination obligations should not be left unclear<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; border-radius: 6px; background: #fffdfb; padding: 9px; box-sizing: border-box;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #000; margin-bottom: 6px;\">04 \u00b7 Disputes and Governing Law<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.55; color: #444;\">\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 3px;\"><span style=\"color: #8b3516; font-weight: bold;\">\u2713<\/span> The governing law should be specified<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 3px;\"><span style=\"color: #8b3516; font-weight: bold;\">\u2713<\/span> The choice of court or arbitration should be clearly stated<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #c62828; font-weight: bold;\">\u2715<\/span> General or ambiguous dispute resolution provisions should be avoided<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"WHAT_ARE_THE_TERMINATION_CONDITIONS_OF_COMMERCIAL_CONTRACTS_IN_TURKEY\"><\/span><strong>WHAT ARE THE TERMINATION CONDITIONS OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS IN TURKEY?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Commercial contracts concluded freely under the principle of <strong>freedom of contract<\/strong> in Turkey may be terminated through <strong>mutual agreement of the parties (rescission by mutual consent \/ settlement termination)<\/strong>, expiration of the contractual term, or the exercise of a <strong>right of termination with cause or ordinary termination by one of the parties<\/strong>. However, <strong>termination of a commercial contract in Turkey<\/strong> does not merely mean the end of a legal relationship; it may also give rise to <strong>penalty clauses, compensation obligations, and complex settlement of outstanding performance obligations<\/strong>. For this reason, the proper structuring of termination mechanisms and default rules at the drafting stage is of critical importance under <strong>commercial law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Termination_Mechanisms_and_Conditions_in_Commercial_Contracts_in_Turkey\"><\/span><strong>1. Termination Mechanisms and Conditions in Commercial Contracts in Turkey<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>To avoid legal defects in termination processes, <strong>the termination conditions<\/strong> must be drafted in a <strong>clear, specific, and unambiguous manner<\/strong> in contracts governed by <strong>commercial law in Turkey<\/strong>. In practice, commercial contracts generally include <strong>three main termination mechanisms<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ordinary Termination (Termination with Notice): <\/strong>Ordinary termination in Turkey applies to <strong>indefinite-term contracts<\/strong> or <strong>contracts that are renewable<\/strong>. In such cases, either party may terminate the contract <strong>without providing justification<\/strong>, provided that a <strong>notice period (termination notice period)<\/strong> stipulated in the contract is observed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Termination for Just Cause (Immediate Termination): <\/strong>This is the right of a party to terminate the contract immediately in Turkey when the other party commits a <strong>material breach of contractual obligations, violates essential duties, or acts contrary to the principle of<\/strong> <strong>good faith<\/strong>. Typical examples of just cause may include <strong>delayed payment, breach of confidentiality obligations, insolvency or bankruptcy situations. <\/strong>The definition of <strong>\u201cjust cause\u201d<\/strong> may be drafted either as a <strong>closed list (exhaustive)<\/strong> or as an <strong>illustrative list<\/strong> in the contract.<\/li>\n<li><strong style=\"font-family: inherit;\">Mutual Termination (Rescission Agreement \/ Termination Protocol): <\/strong>Parties may mutually agree to terminate the contract at any time by signing a <strong>termination protocol or rescission agreement in Turkey<\/strong>. In this case, the terms of termination\u2014<strong>including payment obligations, settlement arrangements, and any remaining duties<\/strong>\u2014are freely determined by the parties.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Default_of_the_Debtor_and_Notice_Requirement_Turkish_Code_of_Obligations_Article_117\"><\/span><strong>2. Default of the Debtor and Notice Requirement (Turkish Code of Obligations Article 117)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>One of the most common grounds triggering termination or compensation claims <strong>in commercial contracts in Turkey is<\/strong> <strong>default of the debtor (mora debitoris)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Under <strong>Article 117 of the Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO)<\/strong>, a debtor of a due obligation enters into default only upon <strong>notice by the creditor<\/strong>, unless otherwise provided by law.<\/p>\n<p>For debtor default to occur, <strong>two conditions must be met simultaneously:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The debt must be due (matured \/ enforceable)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>The creditor must issue a notice (demand for performance)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Exception: Fixed Due Date (TCO Article 117\/2)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>To ensure speed and legal certainty in commercial transactions in Turkey, the legislator provides an important exception.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If the parties have clearly agreed on a <strong>specific due date for performance<\/strong> (e.g., \u201cpayment shall be made on the 5th of each month\u201d or \u201cdelivery shall take place on 15 October 2027\u201d),<strong> then no separate notice is required in Turkey.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In such cases, once the fixed due date arrives, the debtor automatically falls into default <strong>without any further notification requirement<\/strong>. From that moment, the creditor may:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>claim <strong>default interest<\/strong>,<\/li>\n<li>demand <strong>specific performance<\/strong>, or<\/li>\n<li>initiate <strong>contractual termination procedures<\/strong> under the contract.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In conclusion,<strong> termination of commercial contracts in Turkey<\/strong> is a highly sensitive legal process that must be carefully structured in advance to avoid serious financial and legal consequences under <strong>commercial\u00a0law in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Form_Requirement_for_Termination_Notices_Between_Merchants_TCC_Article_183\"><\/span><strong>3. Form Requirement for Termination Notices Between Merchants (TCC Article 18\/3)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Even if the termination conditions in the contract are perfectly regulated,<strong> if the method of notifying the termination to the counterparty is contrary to the law, <\/strong>the termination may be considered<strong> invalid in Turkey.<\/strong> Pursuant to Article 18\/3 of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC), <strong>the validity of notices and warnings aimed at placing the other party in default, terminating the contract, or withdrawing from the contract between merchants is subject to a strict formal requirement.<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong data-start=\"752\" data-end=\"777\">Important Legal Rule:<\/strong> Termination notices between merchants are legally valid only if made through a notary public, via registered mail or through the Registered Electronic Mail (KEP) system using a secure electronic signature. Even if the contract provides otherwise, termination notices made via ordinary email or WhatsApp may be deemed an improper termination before the court and may create a risk of compensation.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Contractual_Provisions_That_Survive_Termination\"><\/span><strong>4. Contractual Provisions That Survive Termination<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"qMYqUG_convSearchResultHighlightRoot\">\n<div class=\"\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a3e8339-bad4-83ed-a4e4-57b9ca73edee-17\" data-is-intersecting=\"true\">\n<section class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;:has(&#091;data-writing-block&#093;)&gt;*&#093;:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-&#091;calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))&#093; scroll-mt-&#091;calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))&#093;\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-6a3e8339-bad4-83ed-a4e4-57b9ca73edee-17\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a3e8339-bad4-83ed-a4e4-57b9ca73edee-17\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-62\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 &#091;--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-xs,calc(var(--spacing)*4))&#093; @w-sm\/main:&#091;--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-sm,calc(var(--spacing)*6))&#093; @w-lg\/main:&#091;--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-lg,calc(var(--spacing)*16))&#093; px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; @w-lg\/main:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:48rem&#093; mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" data-conversation-screenshot-content=\"\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col gap-4 grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal outline-none keyboard-focused:focus-ring &#091;.text-message+&amp;&#093;:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"0\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"3493ae9a-3fc1-4305-86c7-676e4ea8a962\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-3-mini\" data-turn-start-message=\"true\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert wrap-break-word w-full light markdown-new-styling\">\n<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"1247\" data-end=\"1620\"><strong>Termination of a commercial contract in Turkey does not mean that all provisions of the contract cease to exist.<\/strong> Due to the nature of commercial relationships, even if the contract is terminated or liquidated, <strong>there must be provisions that continue to remain binding between the parties.<\/strong> When drafting the commercial contract in Turkey,<strong> it must be clearly stated that these provisions are excluded from termination.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1622\" data-end=\"1719\">The main provisions that <strong>are not affected by termination and must remain in force in Turkey<\/strong> are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1721\" data-end=\"2376\"><strong data-start=\"1721\" data-end=\"1777\">Confidentiality and Personal Data Protection (KVKK):<\/strong> The obligation to protect trade secrets continues after termination for the period specified in the contract (e.g., for 5 years).<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1721\" data-end=\"2376\"><strong data-start=\"1910\" data-end=\"1957\">Dispute Resolution and Jurisdiction Clause:<\/strong> In lawsuits arising regarding whether the termination is justified, the jurisdiction or arbitration clause in the contract remains valid.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1721\" data-end=\"2376\"><strong data-start=\"2098\" data-end=\"2145\">Penalty Clause and Compensation Provisions:<\/strong> Clauses regarding the collection of penalties arising from breach are not affected by termination.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1721\" data-end=\"2376\"><strong data-start=\"2247\" data-end=\"2296\">Non-Compete and Non-Solicitation Commitments:<\/strong> These are provisions that extend rights beyond the termination of the contract.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2378\" data-end=\"2970\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\"><strong>The termination and default processes of commercial contracts in Turkey are like a minefield for companies.<\/strong> A termination notice that is <strong>not made in accordance with the procedure<\/strong> may cause a party who is actually justified to be placed in a wrongful position and may result in the obligation to pay high amounts of \u201c<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wrongful-termination\/\">wrongful termination compensation<\/a>\u201d<\/strong> to the other party. For this reason, <strong>obtaining professional support from a commercial law attorney during the termination of commercial contracts in Turkey<\/strong>, <strong>liquidation processes<\/strong>, <strong>and issuance of default notices<\/strong> is essential in order to minimize loss of rights.<\/p>\n<p><a ref=\"magnificPopup\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/sozlesmenin-onemi-scaled-e1735593744772.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-3166 size-us_800_400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/sozlesmenin-onemi-800x173.jpg\" alt=\"commercial contracts in turkey\" width=\"800\" height=\"173\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"WHAT_IS_THE_SCOPE_OF_MARITIME_LAW\"><\/span><strong>WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF MARITIME LAW?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Maritime Law<\/strong> is a specialized field of law that regulates <strong>maritime activities, ship operations, and the legal relationships<\/strong> arising from these processes, which constitute a major part of global transportation and international trade. This area of law is shaped under the <strong>Turkish Commercial Code (TCC)<\/strong> and international conventions. Its main areas of scope are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ship and Registry Law: <\/strong>It covers the legal status of ships, the right to fly the <strong>Turkish flag<\/strong>, ship registration procedures in the <strong>ship registry<\/strong>, and property rights transactions such as <strong>ship <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/mortgage-in-turkey\/\">mortgages<\/a> (ship liens)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Maritime Transportation and Contracts: <\/strong>It regulates contracts related to the carriage of goods and passengers by sea, including <strong>freight contracts (contract of carriage)<\/strong>, <strong>ship charter agreements (charter party)<\/strong>, and the process of the <strong>bill of lading<\/strong>, which is a negotiable instrument representing the delivery of cargo.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Maritime Accidents and Liability: <\/strong>It governs maritime incidents such as <strong>ship collisions (allisions\/collisions)<\/strong>, <strong>general average (voluntary sacrifice made to save ship and cargo)<\/strong>, salvage and assistance operations, and the resulting <strong>compensation liabilities<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>International Maritime Law (UNCLOS): <\/strong>It defines the rights and obligations of states and commercial vessels within maritime jurisdiction areas such as <strong>territorial waters<\/strong>, the <strong>continental shelf<\/strong>, and the <strong>exclusive economic zone<\/strong>, primarily under the <strong>United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Maritime Law<\/strong> <strong>is a dynamic field involving high financial risks and extensive application of international regulations<\/strong>. It is of great importance for <strong>shipowners, logistics companies, and foreign trade enterprises<\/strong> to conduct these processes with the assistance of a specialized <strong>maritime law attorney<\/strong> in order to prevent loss of rights.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"WHAT_IS_THE_SCOPE_OF_INTERNATIONAL_TRADE_LAW\"><\/span><strong>WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>International trade refers to the global process of the purchase, sale, and exchange of goods and services between different countries.<\/strong> While this form of trade promotes business growth and globalization, it also introduces complex legal issues arising from <strong>different legal systems under<\/strong> <strong>international trade law<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>In order to prevent legal losses and avoid sanctions in <strong>cross-border commercial activities<\/strong>, companies engaged in <strong>international trade<\/strong> must pay attention to the following fundamental aspects within the scope of <strong>international trade law<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Conclusion_of_International_Contracts\"><\/span><strong>1. Conclusion of International Contracts<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>International contracts form the legal basis of international trade.<\/strong> These agreements, concluded between parties located in <strong>two or more countries<\/strong>, clearly define mutual rights and obligations. Such contracts must ensure full compliance with <strong>international model rules<\/strong>, conventions (e.g., the <strong>United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods \u2013 CISG<\/strong>), and applicable governing law, thereby providing the most important legal safeguard for performance of obligations.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_International_Payment_Terms_and_Security_Mechanisms\"><\/span><strong>2. International Payment Terms and Security Mechanisms<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>In cross-border trade, payment terms are determined through agreements between the buyer and seller, as well as risk assessments. <\/strong>Payment methods, maturities, and especially globally significant security instruments such as letters of credit (L\/C) <strong>must be carefully evaluated.<\/strong> Transactions must comply with <strong>foreign exchange regulations and capital transfer rules of the relevant countries, and legal mechanisms ensuring payment security<\/strong> must be properly established.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Trade_Law_Systems_of_Different_Countries\"><\/span><strong>3. Trade Law Systems of Different Countries<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>International trade is primarily governed by the national trade law systems and sovereign jurisdictions of individual countries.<\/strong> Therefore, it is crucial to understand<strong> the commercial law rules, mandatory provisions, and corporate law practices of the countries<\/strong> with which commercial relations are established. Acting in accordance with the relevant national legal systems ensures compliance with <strong>legal obligations and the validity of commercial transactions.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Goods_and_Service_Standards\"><\/span><strong>4. Goods and Service Standards<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>When conducting<strong> international trade<\/strong>, strict attention must be paid to the technical and legal standards applicable to goods and services. Each country may impose <strong>its own customs regulations, quality standards, health and safety rules, sanitary requirements, or certification obligations (e.g., CE, ISO).<\/strong> Exported or imported goods must fully comply with the legal standards of the target country.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Tax_and_Customs_Regulations\"><\/span><strong>5. Tax and Customs Regulations<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Taxation and customs regimes in international trade are financial factors that directly affect both costs and operational processes. <\/strong>Each country has its own <strong>customs legislation, and all commercial transactions must fully comply with these rules.<\/strong> Customs duties, tariffs, anti-dumping measures, tax exemptions, and incentives (such as double taxation treaties) <strong>must be calculated at the contract stage. <\/strong>In addition, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/taxation-of-foreign-sourced-income-in-turkey\/\"><strong>taxation of foreign-source income earned by individuals engaged in cross-border activities in Turkey<\/strong><\/a> is also an important aspect of international tax law.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"624\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Language_of_Contracts_and_Interpretation\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"47\">6. Language of Contracts and Interpretation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"624\">In <strong data-start=\"53\" data-end=\"80\">international trade law<\/strong>, determining the <strong data-start=\"98\" data-end=\"123\" data-is-only-node=\"\">language of contracts<\/strong> and how they will be <strong data-start=\"145\" data-end=\"186\">interpreted in the event of a dispute<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"192\" data-end=\"210\">critical issue<\/strong>. In order to prevent disputes arising from differences in interpretation between the parties, the text must be written in a <strong data-start=\"335\" data-end=\"353\">clear language<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"358\" data-end=\"389\">legal terms must be defined<\/strong>. In cases where contracts are prepared in multiple languages <strong>(e.g. Turkish and English)<\/strong>, it is essential that the contract clearly stipulates which language shall <strong data-start=\"553\" data-end=\"598\">prevail in the event of any contradiction<\/strong> (<strong data-start=\"600\" data-end=\"622\">prevailed language<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"626\" data-end=\"1138\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_International_Dispute_Resolution\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"626\" data-end=\"665\">7. International Dispute Resolution<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"626\" data-end=\"1138\"><strong>Disputes arising in international trade must be resolved in a fast, effective, and impartial manner<\/strong>. Cross-border disputes may be resolved not only through <strong data-start=\"832\" data-end=\"848\">state courts<\/strong> but also through internationally recognized alternative dispute resolution methods such as <strong data-start=\"940\" data-end=\"955\">arbitration<\/strong> or <strong data-start=\"959\" data-end=\"972\">mediation<\/strong>. It must be clearly determined in the contract which <strong data-start=\"1026\" data-end=\"1055\">dispute resolution method<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"1060\" data-end=\"1083\">competent authority<\/strong> will apply in accordance with international trade law.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"1140\" data-end=\"1686\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_International_Trade_Regulatory_Organizations\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"1140\" data-end=\"1191\">8. International Trade Regulatory Organizations<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1140\" data-end=\"1686\">There are various <strong data-start=\"1212\" data-end=\"1241\">international authorities<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"1246\" data-end=\"1272\" data-is-only-node=\"\">umbrella organizations<\/strong> operating for the <strong data-start=\"1291\" data-end=\"1354\">regulation, liberalization, and supervision of global trade<\/strong>. For example, the <strong data-start=\"1373\" data-end=\"1407\">World Trade Organization (WTO)<\/strong> determines the <strong data-start=\"1423\" data-end=\"1462\">global rules of international trade<\/strong> and plays an active role in resolving <strong data-start=\"1501\" data-end=\"1537\">trade disputes between countries<\/strong>. Compliance with the existing regulations of such international organizations, as well as <strong data-start=\"1628\" data-end=\"1658\">embargo and sanction rules<\/strong>, is a <strong data-start=\"1665\" data-end=\"1685\">legal obligation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1688\" data-end=\"2328\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">As can be seen, the issues that must be taken into consideration legally when conducting <strong data-start=\"1777\" data-end=\"1800\">international trade<\/strong> are <strong data-start=\"1805\" data-end=\"1823\">highly diverse<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1825\" data-end=\"1842\">multi-layered<\/strong>, and require compliance with each <strong>country\u2019s own<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"1891\" data-end=\"1907\">legal system<\/strong>. Therefore, carrying out <strong data-start=\"1933\" data-end=\"1973\">cross-border commercial transactions<\/strong>, performing <strong data-start=\"1986\" data-end=\"2003\">risk analysis<\/strong>, and <strong>preparing<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"2019\" data-end=\"2032\">contracts<\/strong> require<strong> professional legal consultancy from an expert in international trade law<\/strong>. In this way, <strong data-start=\"2128\" data-end=\"2170\">full compliance with international law<\/strong> can be ensured in commercial transactions, <strong>potential disputes can be prevented, and the commercial interests of companies can be protected on a global scale.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"180\" data-end=\"749\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"HOW_ARE_COMMERCIAL_DISPUTES_RESOLVED_IN_TURKEY\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"180\" data-end=\"231\">HOW ARE COMMERCIAL DISPUTES RESOLVED IN TURKEY?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"180\" data-end=\"749\">Due to the dynamic nature of commercial relations, disputes may arise from time to time in <strong>partnerships, contract breaches, or performance processes<\/strong>. In <strong data-start=\"387\" data-end=\"468\">Turkey, the effective, fast, and fair resolution of these commercial disputes<\/strong> <strong>is of vital importance for the financial sustainability of companies and the maintenance of healthy business relationships between parties.<\/strong> The main methods used in <strong>the resolution of commercial disputes in Turkey<\/strong>, along with their advantages and disadvantages, are as follows:<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"756\" data-end=\"1098\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Negotiation_and_Settlement\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"756\" data-end=\"801\">1. Negotiation and Settlement\u00a0<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"756\" data-end=\"1098\"><strong>The first and most peaceful way of resolving disputes in Turkey is generally the negotiation process conducted directly by the parties.<\/strong> In this method, the parties personally discuss the issue between them, listen to each other\u2019s expectations and opinions, and try to reach a common ground.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1100\" data-end=\"1541\"><strong data-start=\"1100\" data-end=\"1115\">Advantages:<\/strong> In Turkey, this method is <strong>the best option for ensuring that the commercial and positive business relationship<\/strong> between the parties continues without damage in the future. It is flexible and fully controlled by the parties.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1100\" data-end=\"1541\"><strong data-start=\"1344\" data-end=\"1362\">Disadvantages:<\/strong> If there are rigid disagreements or a loss of trust between the parties in Turkey, <strong>it may be very difficult to reach a common agreement and the process may remain unresolved.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"1548\" data-end=\"1974\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Commercial_Case_Mediation_Process_in_Turkey\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"1548\" data-end=\"1598\">2. Commercial Case Mediation Process in Turkey<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1548\" data-end=\"1974\"><strong>Mediation in Turkey is a structured negotiation process conducted by an independent and impartial third party (mediator) before going to court.<\/strong> The mediator facilitates communication between the parties, clarifies interests, and guides them toward a fair agreement. <strong>In Turkey, mediation has become a mandatory pre-litigation requirement in many commercial disputes.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1976\" data-end=\"2396\"><strong data-start=\"1976\" data-end=\"1991\">Advantages:<\/strong> In Turkey, it is much f<strong>aster, more economical, and based on confidentiality compared<\/strong> to court proceedings. Since it is <strong>mandatory in many commercial disputes<\/strong>, it is widely applied in Turkey.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1976\" data-end=\"2396\"><strong data-start=\"2192\" data-end=\"2210\">Disadvantages:<\/strong> \u00a0The mediator has <strong>no decision-making authority<\/strong> in Turkey. The success of the process depends entirely on <strong>the willingness of both parties to reach an agreement and act in good faith.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"2403\" data-end=\"2703\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Arbitration\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"2403\" data-end=\"2433\">3. Arbitration\u00a0<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2403\" data-end=\"2703\"><strong>Arbitration in Turkey <\/strong>is a method especially preferred in<strong> international commercial contracts and high-value disputes<\/strong>, where the dispute is resolved not by state courts but by <strong>an independent arbitrator or arbitral tribunal chosen by the parties (e.g., ISTAC, ICC).<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2705\" data-end=\"3073\"><strong data-start=\"2705\" data-end=\"2720\">Advantages:<\/strong> In Turkey, arbitration provides <strong>the advantage of expert arbitrators, faster proceedings, and binding decisions.<\/strong> Arbitral awards are enforceable like court judgments.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2705\" data-end=\"3073\"><strong data-start=\"2893\" data-end=\"2911\">Disadvantages:<\/strong> In Turkey, <strong>arbitration may be costly due to institutional fees and arbitrator expenses<\/strong>, and in very complex disputes procedural steps may extend the process.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"3080\" data-end=\"3444\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Court_Proceedings\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"3080\" data-end=\"3134\">4. Court Proceedings\u00a0<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3080\" data-end=\"3444\"><strong>If a commercial dispute in Turkey cannot be resolved through negotiation, settlement, mediation, or arbitration, the judicial route is pursued as a constitutional right.<\/strong> In Turkey, commercial courts resolve disputes according to procedural rules and render final and binding decisions based on applicable laws.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"3446\" data-end=\"3873\"><strong data-start=\"3446\" data-end=\"3461\">Advantages: <\/strong>This is a <strong>mandatory and binding method<\/strong> when one party refuses to settle, ensuring enforcement through state authority.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3446\" data-end=\"3873\"><strong data-start=\"3598\" data-end=\"3616\">Disadvantages:<\/strong> In Turkey, <strong>court proceedings generally take longer, involve higher litigation costs, and time-related expenses.<\/strong> Public hearings may make it difficult to <strong>protect commercial secrets<\/strong> and may completely<strong> damage the business relationship<\/strong> between the parties.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div style=\"max-width: 620px; width: 100%; margin: 18px auto; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\">\n<div style=\"background: #8b3516; color: #fff; padding: 9px; text-align: center; border-radius: 6px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;\">\u2696\ufe0f Commercial Dispute Resolution Process in Turkey<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-top: 8px;\">\n<div style=\"border: 2px solid #8b3516; border-radius: 6px; background: #fffdfb; padding: 9px; box-sizing: border-box;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #8b3516;\">\u2460 Negotiation<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #444; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 3px;\">The parties attempt to resolve the dispute through direct discussions.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; color: #8b3516; font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px;\">\u2193<\/div>\n<div style=\"border: 2px solid #8b3516; border-radius: 6px; background: #fffdfb; padding: 9px; box-sizing: border-box;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #8b3516;\">\u2461 Mediation<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #444; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 3px;\">The parties seek to reach an agreement with the assistance of a neutral mediator.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; color: #8b3516; font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px;\">\u2193<\/div>\n<div style=\"border: 2px solid #8b3516; border-radius: 6px; background: #fffdfb; padding: 9px; box-sizing: border-box;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #8b3516;\">\u2462 Arbitration<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #444; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 3px;\">Where there is an arbitration clause or agreement, the dispute may be referred to an arbitrator or arbitral tribunal.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; color: #8b3516; font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px;\">\u2193<\/div>\n<div style=\"border: 2px solid #8b3516; border-radius: 6px; background: #f6ede9; padding: 9px; box-sizing: border-box;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #8b3516;\">\u2463 Court Proceedings<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #444; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 3px;\">The dispute is resolved through proceedings before the competent and jurisdictionally authorized court.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"96\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"WHAT_ARE_THE_LEGAL_REMEDIES_APPLICABLE_TO_COMMERCIAL_DISPUTES_INVOLVING_A_FOREIGN_ELEMENT\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"94\">WHAT ARE THE LEGAL REMEDIES APPLICABLE TO COMMERCIAL DISPUTES INVOLVING A FOREIGN ELEMENT?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"98\" data-end=\"547\"><strong>Commercial disputes arising from the activities of foreign natural or legal persons in Turkey<\/strong>, their distributorship and logistics relationships, share transfers, or direct investments are subject to a special legal regime due to the presence of a <strong>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/turkish-citizenship\/\">foreign element<\/a>.\u201d<\/strong> The resolution of such disputes requires <strong>the simultaneous consideration of domestic legislation as well as international legal norms and bilateral or multilateral state treaties.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"549\" data-end=\"679\">The main <strong>legal remedies and applicable legislation in Turkey<\/strong> for commercial disputes involving foreign parties are as follows:<\/p>\n<div class=\"qMYqUG_convSearchResultHighlightRoot\">\n<div class=\"\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a3e8339-bad4-83ed-a4e4-57b9ca73edee-25\" data-is-intersecting=\"true\">\n<section class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;:has(&#091;data-writing-block&#093;)&gt;*&#093;:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-&#091;calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))&#093; scroll-mt-&#091;calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))&#093;\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-6a3e8339-bad4-83ed-a4e4-57b9ca73edee-25\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a3e8339-bad4-83ed-a4e4-57b9ca73edee-25\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-78\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 &#091;--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-xs,calc(var(--spacing)*4))&#093; @w-sm\/main:&#091;--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-sm,calc(var(--spacing)*6))&#093; @w-lg\/main:&#091;--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-lg,calc(var(--spacing)*16))&#093; px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; @w-lg\/main:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:48rem&#093; mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" data-conversation-screenshot-content=\"\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col gap-4 grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal outline-none keyboard-focused:focus-ring &#091;.text-message+&amp;&#093;:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"0\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"35902931-963d-451e-ad73-5516ab869e4f\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-3-mini\" data-turn-start-message=\"true\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert wrap-break-word w-full light markdown-new-styling\">\n<h3 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"686\" data-end=\"1124\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Private_International_Law_and_International_Civil_Procedure_Framework_MOHUK\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"686\" data-end=\"770\">1. Private International Law and International Civil Procedure Framework (M\u00d6HUK)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"686\" data-end=\"1124\"><strong>In the resolution of commercial disputes in Turkey, the primary legal basis is the Law No. 5718 on Private International Law and International Civil Procedure.<\/strong> Under M\u00d6HUK, the parties may freely determine in their commercial contracts the applicable law in case of a dispute (<strong data-start=\"1051\" data-end=\"1068\">choice of law<\/strong>) and the competent courts (<strong data-start=\"1096\" data-end=\"1122\">jurisdiction agreement<\/strong>). If the applicable law is not chosen in the contract in Turkey, <strong>the dispute is governed by the law of the country with which the contract has the closest connection.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1282\" data-end=\"1969\"><strong>However, this autonomy is not absolute and is limited by mandatory rules depending on the nature of the commercial dispute.<\/strong> For example, in cases such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/foreigners-buying-property-in-turkey\/\"><strong>the acquisition of immovable property in Turkey by foreign nationals<\/strong><\/a>, disputes arising from rights in rem <strong>(ownership and other real rights)<\/strong> over immovable property are subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the law of the place where the property is located (<strong data-start=\"1690\" data-end=\"1707\">lex rei sitae<\/strong>) and<strong> the courts of Turkey have exclusive jurisdiction.<\/strong> Similarly, in cases involving<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-search-process-in-turkey\/\"> annotations or declarations in land registry records<\/a> determining the scope of ownership rights and restrictions<\/strong>, Turkish law and Turkish courts have exclusive jurisdiction.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1971\" data-end=\"2447\">In contrast, in cross-border remote working arrangements,<strong> issues such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/tax-on-foreign-income-in-turkey\/\">taxation of salaries received from abroad<\/a> and related <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/worker-compensation-rights-in-turkey\/\">employment compensation disputes<\/a> may fall under different legal regimes<\/strong>, including the liability of foreign employers and the principle of employee protection. Therefore, <strong>in disputes involving a foreign element in Turkey<\/strong>, the applicable law and competent jurisdiction vary depending on the specific nature and subject of each legal relationship.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2454\" data-end=\"2720\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_International_Jurisdiction_of_Turkish_Courts_and_Litigation\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"2454\" data-end=\"2520\">2. International Jurisdiction of Turkish Courts and Litigation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2454\" data-end=\"2720\">Where Turkish courts are designated as competent or are deemed competent by law in a dispute involving a foreign element, <strong>proceedings in Turkey are conducted under Turkish procedural law (HMK).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2722\" data-end=\"3297\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\"><strong data-start=\"2722\" data-end=\"2765\">Security Exemption:<\/strong> As a general rule, <strong>foreign natural and legal persons filing lawsuits or initiating enforcement proceedings in Turkey<\/strong> are required to<strong> provide security<\/strong> to cover litigation costs and potential damages of the opposing party. However, <strong>under the principle of reciprocity between Turkey<\/strong> <strong>and foreign states<\/strong>, or under international conventions to which Turkey is a party (e.g., Hague Convention on Civil Procedure),<strong> nationals and companies of many foreign countries are exempt from this security requirement.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"418\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Enforcement_of_Foreign_Court_in_Turkey\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"65\">3. Enforcement of Foreign Court in Turkey<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"418\"><strong>Decisions rendered by foreign courts or arbitral tribunals cannot be directly enforced in<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"158\" data-end=\"168\">Turkey<\/strong>. In order for such decisions to produce legal effects within the territory of Turkey and become subject <strong>to enforcement proceedings<\/strong>, it is mandatory to file a <strong data-start=\"331\" data-end=\"395\">recognition and enforcement action<\/strong>\u00a0before Turkish courts.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Courts in Turkey do not re-examine the dispute on the merits<\/strong>; however, they examine whether there is <strong data-start=\"549\" data-end=\"580\">reciprocity<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>between Turkey and the country where the decision was issued<\/strong>, whether the decision is contrary to Turkish <strong data-start=\"691\" data-end=\"707\">public order<\/strong>, and whether due process<strong> rights of the defendant were respected<\/strong> and the decision<strong> has become final.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Since this process is entirely based on <strong>technical and procedural rules<\/strong>, even the smallest error in service of process or documentation <strong>may result in the complete loss of rights<\/strong> that were obtained abroad at significant cost, <strong>rendering them unenforceable in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"1219\" data-end=\"1462\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_International_Arbitration_and_Mediation\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"1219\" data-end=\"1265\">4. International Arbitration and Mediation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1219\" data-end=\"1462\">In accordance with <strong>international commercial practice<\/strong>, alternative dispute resolution methods are frequently preferred instead of state courts in <strong>disputes involving foreign parties in Turkey<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1464\" data-end=\"1870\">Where one of the parties is foreign, the <strong data-start=\"1536\" data-end=\"1588\">International Arbitration Law No. 4686 in Turkey<\/strong> or institutional rules such as the <strong data-start=\"1624\" data-end=\"1663\">Istanbul Arbitration Centre (ISTAC)<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"1668\" data-end=\"1693\">ICC arbitration rules<\/strong> may apply. <strong>Arbitral awards<\/strong> rendered through these mechanisms allow foreign-invested companies to <strong>protect their rights in<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"1815\" data-end=\"1825\">Turkey<\/strong> quickly and through specialized arbitrators. For foreign arbitral awards,<strong> the provisions of the New York Convention<\/strong>, to which Turkey is a party, are applied.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2106\" data-end=\"2525\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Direct_Application_of_International_Conventions\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"2106\" data-end=\"2160\">5. Direct Application of International Conventions<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2106\" data-end=\"2525\"><strong>International commercial conventions to which Turkey is a party form part of domestic law and may be directly applied to commercial disputes in Turkey.<\/strong> In particular, in disputes concerning international sale of goods, the <strong data-start=\"2369\" data-end=\"2454\">United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)<\/strong> prevails over domestic legislation unless the parties agree otherwise.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2527\" data-end=\"3071\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\"><strong>Foreign-element commercial disputes and debt enforcement proceedings in<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"2599\" data-end=\"2609\">Turkey<\/strong> <strong>require a<\/strong> <strong>highly technical level of expertise, ranging from service of process rules and security requirements to jurisdictional objections and recognition\/enforcement of foreign judgments and arbitral awards<\/strong>. In cross-border commercial relations, in order to prevent loss of rights and to protect global commercial interests, conducting the process under the guidance of <strong>a lawyer specialized in international trade law<\/strong> is essential for ensuring legal security.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"l-section wpb_row height_auto\"><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_grid cols_1 laptops-cols_inherit tablets-cols_inherit mobiles-cols_1 valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"w-html\"><div class=\"cb-legal-box\">\n    <div class=\"cb-legal-inner\">\n        <p class=\"cb-legal-text\">\n            You can explore our other <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/blog\/\" class=\"cb-legal-link\">articles<\/a> or contact us for your legal support inquiries.\n        <\/p>\n        <div class=\"cb-legal-action\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/contact-us\/\" class=\"cb-legal-btn\">Contact Us<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<style>\n.cb-legal-box {\n    background: #ffffff;\n    border: 2px solid #8b3516; \n    border-radius: 8px;\n    padding: 30px;\n    margin: 30px auto;\n    width: 100%;\n    box-sizing: border-box;\n    font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\n    box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);\n}\n\n.cb-legal-inner {\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    justify-content: space-between;\n    gap: 30px;\n}\n\n.cb-legal-text {\n    margin: 0;\n    font-size: 19px;\n    color: #333333;\n    line-height: 1.5;\n    flex: 2;\n}\n\n.cb-legal-link {\n    color: #8b3516;\n    text-decoration: underline;\n    font-weight: bold;\n}\n\n.cb-legal-action {\n    flex: 1;\n    text-align: right;\n}\n\n.cb-legal-btn {\n    display: inline-block;\n    background-color: #8b3516;\n    color: #ffffff !important;\n    padding: 14px 28px;\n    border-radius: 5px;\n    text-decoration: none !important;\n    font-weight: bold;\n    font-size: 16px;\n    transition: all 0.3s ease;\n    border: 2px solid #8b3516;\n    white-space: nowrap;\n}\n\n.cb-legal-btn:hover {\n    background-color: #000000;\n    border-color: #000000;\n}\n\n\/* MOB\u0130LDEK\u0130 G\u00d6R\u00dcNT\u00dcY\u00dc D\u00dcZELTEN KISIM *\/\n@media (max-width: 768px) {\n    .cb-legal-box {\n        padding: 20px 15px; \/* Yan bo\u015fluklar\u0131 azaltt\u0131k *\/\n        margin: 20px 0;\n        width: 100% !important;\n    }\n    \n    .cb-legal-inner {\n        flex-direction: column !important;\n        gap: 15px; \/* Yaz\u0131 ve buton aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015flu\u011fu daraltt\u0131k *\/\n    }\n    \n    .cb-legal-text {\n        font-size: 16px; \/* Yaz\u0131y\u0131 mobilde bir t\u0131k k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltt\u00fck ki s\u0131\u011fs\u0131n *\/\n        text-align: center !important;\n        width: 100%;\n    }\n    \n    .cb-legal-action {\n        width: 100%;\n        text-align: center !important;\n    }\n    \n    .cb-legal-btn {\n        width: 80%; \/* Butonun ekran\u0131 komple bo\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in %80 yapt\u0131k *\/\n        padding: 12px 20px;\n        font-size: 15px;\n        display: inline-block; \/* Block yerine inline-block + %80 daha zarif durur *\/\n    }\n}\n<\/style><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"l-section wpb_row us_custom_0a0f4a9a height_auto\"><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_grid cols_1 laptops-cols_inherit tablets-cols_inherit mobiles-cols_1 valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column us_custom_275474cc has_text_color\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><p><strong>LEGAL DISCLAIMER:<\/strong> The copyright of the articles and content on our website belongs to Av. Orbay \u00c7okg\u00f6r, and all articles are published with electronically signed time stamps to establish ownership. If any articles on our website are copied or summarized without providing a source link and published on other websites, legal and criminal proceedings will be initiated.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"WHAT IS BUSINESS LAW IN TURKEY? Business law in Turkey is a branch of private law that governs the activities of commercial enterprises, legal relationships between merchants, company formation and corporate governance, commercial contracts, and commercial disputes. Its primary purpose is to ensure that commercial activities are conducted in a secure, orderly, and predictable manner,...","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2302,"parent":1764,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1823","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1823","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1823"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1823\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9502,"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1823\/revisions\/9502"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1764"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2302"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1823"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}