{"id":5905,"date":"2025-01-30T19:52:40","date_gmt":"2025-01-30T19:52:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/?p=5905"},"modified":"2026-03-16T22:00:48","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T22:00:48","slug":"title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/","title":{"rendered":"Title Deed Cancellation and Registration Lawsuit Due To Abuse Of Power of Attorney in Turkey"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"l-section wpb_row height_small\"><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_grid cols_1 laptops-cols_inherit tablets-cols_inherit mobiles-cols_1 valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column us_custom_275474cc has_text_color\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><p><a ref=\"magnificPopup\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/abuse-of-power-of-attorney-in-Turkey.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-us_800_400 wp-image-5910\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/abuse-of-power-of-attorney-in-Turkey-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"abuse of power of attorney in Turkey\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Index<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#LEGAL_NATURE_AND_SCOPE_OF_TITLE_DEED_CANCELLATION_AND_REGISTRATION_LAWSUITS_IN_TURKEY\">LEGAL NATURE AND SCOPE OF TITLE DEED CANCELLATION AND REGISTRATION LAWSUITS IN TURKEY<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#WHAT_ARE_THE_TYPES_OF_TITLE_CANCELLATION_LAWSUITS_IN_TURKEY\">WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF TITLE CANCELLATION LAWSUITS IN TURKEY?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#WHAT_IS_A_POWER_OF_ATTORNEY_AGREEMENT_IN_TURKEY\">WHAT IS A POWER OF ATTORNEY AGREEMENT IN TURKEY?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#Scope_of_Authority_in_a_Power_of_Attorney_Agreement_in_Turkey\">Scope of Authority in a Power of Attorney Agreement in Turkey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#Liability_of_the_Agent_in_a_Power_of_Attorney_Agreement_in_Turkey\">Liability of the Agent in a Power of Attorney Agreement in Turkey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#Obligations_and_Responsibilities_of_the_Agent_in_a_Power_of_Attorney_Agreement_in_Turkey\">Obligations and Responsibilities of the Agent in a Power of Attorney Agreement in Turkey<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#1_The_Agents_Duty_to_Perform_in_Accordance_with_Instructions_in_Turkey\">1. The Agent\u2019s Duty to Perform in Accordance with Instructions in Turkey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#2_The_Agents_Duty_of_Personal_Performance_Loyalty_and_Care_in_Turkey\">2. The Agent\u2019s Duty of Personal Performance, Loyalty, and Care in Turkey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#3_The_Agents_Duty_to_Render_Accounts\">3. The Agent\u2019s Duty to Render Accounts<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#TITLE_DEED_CANCELLATION_AND_REGISTRATION_LAWSUIT_DUE_TO_ABUSE_OF_POWER_OF_ATTORNEY_IN_TURKEY\">TITLE DEED CANCELLATION AND REGISTRATION LAWSUIT DUE TO ABUSE OF POWER OF ATTORNEY IN TURKEY<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#Scope_of_the_Power_of_Attorney_Relationship_and_Principles_of_Liability_in_Turkey\">Scope of the Power of Attorney Relationship and Principles of Liability in Turkey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#Legal_Grounds_for_the_Lawsuit_for_Cancellation_and_Registration_of_Title_Deed_Due_to_Abuse_of_Power_of_Attorney_in_Turkey\">Legal Grounds for the Lawsuit for Cancellation and Registration of Title Deed Due to Abuse of Power of Attorney in Turkey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#Violation_of_the_Duty_of_Loyalty_and_Diligence_in_the_Abuse_of_Power_of_Attorney\">Violation of the Duty of Loyalty and Diligence in the Abuse of Power of Attorney<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#Burden_of_Proof_and_Importance_of_Evidence_in_Action_for_Cancellation_and_Registration_of_Deed_Due_to_Abuse_of_Power_of_Attorney\">Burden of Proof and Importance of Evidence in Action for Cancellation and Registration of Deed Due to Abuse of Power of Attorney<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#Plaintiff_and_Defendant_Status_in_Deed_Cancellation_and_Registration_Lawsuit_due_to_Abuse_of_Power_of_Attorney_in_Turkey\">Plaintiff and Defendant Status in Deed Cancellation and Registration Lawsuit due to Abuse of Power of Attorney in Turkey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#Statute_of_Limitations_and_Prescription_Periods_in_legal_Cancellation_of_Land_Purchase_Deed_Due_to_Abuse_of_Power_of_Attorney\">Statute of Limitations and Prescription Periods in legal Cancellation of Land Purchase Deed Due to Abuse of Power of Attorney<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#Competent_and_Authorized_Court_in_Title_Deed_Cancellation_And_Registration_Lawsuit_Due_To_Abuse_Of_Power_Of_Attorney\">Competent and Authorized Court in Title Deed Cancellation And Registration Lawsuit Due To Abuse Of Power Of Attorney<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#LIABILITY_OF_THE_PERSON_WHO_ACQUIRES_AN_IMMOVABLE_PROPERTY_AS_A_RESULT_OF_THE_ABUSE_OF_POWER_OF_ATTORNEY_IN_TURKEY\">LIABILITY OF THE PERSON WHO ACQUIRES AN IMMOVABLE PROPERTY AS A RESULT OF THE ABUSE OF POWER OF ATTORNEY IN TURKEY<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#Status_of_the_Good-Faith_Third_Party_Who_Acquires_the_Property\">Status of the Good-Faith Third Party Who Acquires the Property<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#Status_of_the_Bad-Faith_Third_Party_Who_Acquires_the_Property\">Status of the Bad-Faith Third Party Who Acquires the Property<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#WHAT_TO_DO_IF_AN_ATTORNEY_FAILS_TO_PAY_THE_SALE_PRICE_UNDER_A_POWER_OF_ATTORNEY_IN_TURKEY\">WHAT TO DO IF AN ATTORNEY FAILS TO PAY THE SALE PRICE UNDER A POWER OF ATTORNEY IN TURKEY?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#DO_COMPANIES_IN_TURKEY_HAVE_THE_LEGAL_CAPACITY_TO_FILE_A_LAWSUIT_FOR_ANNULMENT_AND_REGISTRATION_OF_TITLE_DUE_TO_ABUSE_OF_POWER_OF_ATTORNEY\">DO COMPANIES IN TURKEY HAVE THE LEGAL CAPACITY TO FILE A LAWSUIT FOR ANNULMENT AND REGISTRATION OF TITLE DUE TO ABUSE OF POWER OF ATTORNEY?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#DO_FOREIGN_NATIONALS_HAVE_THE_RIGHT_TO_FILE_A_TITLE_ANNULMENT_AND_REGISTRATION_LAWSUIT_IN_TURKEY_DUE_TO_ABUSE_OF_POWER_OF_ATTORNEY\">DO FOREIGN NATIONALS HAVE THE RIGHT TO FILE A TITLE ANNULMENT AND REGISTRATION LAWSUIT IN TURKEY DUE TO ABUSE OF POWER OF ATTORNEY?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#IN_TURKEY_IS_CANCELLATION_OF_TITLE_DEED_POSSIBLE_FOR_REAL_ESTATE_TRANSFER_MADE_USING_A_FAKE_POWER_OF_ATTORNEY\">IN TURKEY, IS CANCELLATION OF TITLE DEED POSSIBLE FOR REAL ESTATE TRANSFER MADE USING A FAKE POWER OF ATTORNEY?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-deed-cancellation-and-registration-lawsuit\/#IS_ABUSE_OF_POWER_OF_ATTORNEY_A_CRIME_IN_TURKEY\">IS ABUSE OF POWER OF ATTORNEY A CRIME IN TURKEY?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"LEGAL_NATURE_AND_SCOPE_OF_TITLE_DEED_CANCELLATION_AND_REGISTRATION_LAWSUITS_IN_TURKEY\"><\/span><strong>LEGAL NATURE AND SCOPE OF TITLE DEED CANCELLATION AND REGISTRATION LAWSUITS IN TURKEY<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"92\" data-end=\"966\"><strong>Pursuant to Article 704 of the Turkish Civil Code, ownership of immovable property in Turkey is principally acquired through <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/title-search-process-in-turkey\/\">registration in the land registry<\/a>.<\/strong> However, in certain exceptional cases provided by law, ownership of immovable property in Turkey may be acquired even <strong data-start=\"374\" data-end=\"422\">before the registration process is completed<\/strong>. In particular, in cases such as <strong data-start=\"456\" data-end=\"619\">court judgments, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/debt-enforcement-in-turkey\/\">compulsory execution proceedings<\/a>, possession (occupation), acquisition through inheritance, or extraordinary prescription (adverse possession)<\/strong>, ownership arises prior to registration, and the subsequent registration in the land registry serves mainly <strong>a<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"730\" data-end=\"770\">declaratory and evidentiary function<\/strong>. This demonstrates that <strong>the land registry system in Turkey<\/strong> functions not only as a tool to record the acquisition of ownership but also as a mechanism to <strong data-start=\"925\" data-end=\"963\">publicly announce ownership rights<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"968\" data-end=\"1580\">The proper, reliable, and up-to-date maintenance of the land registry in Turkey is <strong data-start=\"1051\" data-end=\"1092\">under the responsibility of the state<\/strong>, and it is essential that the registry records reflect the <strong data-start=\"1152\" data-end=\"1194\">actual legal status of property rights<\/strong>. However, in practice, <strong data-start=\"1218\" data-end=\"1298\">due to abuse of power of attorney, fraudulent acts, or various other reasons<\/strong>, entries that do not reflect the truth may be recorded in the land registry. In Turkish legal literature, such entries are referred to as <strong data-start=\"1437\" data-end=\"1491\">\u201cinvalid (unlawful) registrations\u201d<\/strong>, and they may cause serious legal issues concerning <strong>the protection of property rights in Turkey.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1582\" data-end=\"2252\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">In order to eliminate such invalid registrations and to have the ownership of immovable property registered in the name of the <strong data-start=\"1709\" data-end=\"1734\">actual rightful owner<\/strong>, the Turkish legal system provides for <strong data-start=\"1774\" data-end=\"1857\">\u201ctitle cancellation and registration lawsuits\u201d<\/strong>. These lawsuits aim to <strong data-start=\"1881\" data-end=\"2017\">cancel erroneous or unlawful entries in the land registry and ensure the registration of the property in favor of the rightful owner<\/strong>, thereby serving to protect ownership rights. Therefore, <strong data-start=\"2075\" data-end=\"2251\">title cancellation and registration lawsuits in Turkey <\/strong>play a fundamental role in safeguarding the right of ownership and ensuring the proper functioning of the legal order.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"l-section wpb_row height_auto\"><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_grid cols_1 laptops-cols_inherit tablets-cols_inherit mobiles-cols_1 valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"w-iconbox us_custom_aea21514 iconpos_left style_default color_secondary align_center no_title\"><div class=\"w-iconbox-icon\" style=\"font-size:2rem;\"><i class=\"fas fa-gavel\"><\/i><\/div><div class=\"w-iconbox-meta\"><div class=\"w-iconbox-text\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuatmetin\/1.5.6098.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>TURKISH OBLIGATIONS LAW<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>ARTICLE 504<\/strong> \u2013 If the scope of the power of attorney is not explicitly stated in the contract, it is determined according to the nature of the task to be performed.<\/p>\n<p>The power of attorney also includes the authority to perform legal actions necessary for the execution of the task assigned to the agent.<\/p>\n<p>The agent, unless specifically authorized, cannot file a lawsuit, make peace, refer to arbitration, request bankruptcy, deferment of bankruptcy, or concordat, make a promissory note commitment, make donations, act as a guarantor, transfer real property, or limit a right.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"w-separator size_small\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"l-section wpb_row height_auto\"><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_grid cols_1 laptops-cols_inherit tablets-cols_inherit mobiles-cols_1 valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column us_custom_275474cc has_text_color\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h2 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"66\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"WHAT_ARE_THE_TYPES_OF_TITLE_CANCELLATION_LAWSUITS_IN_TURKEY\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"64\">WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF TITLE CANCELLATION LAWSUITS IN TURKEY?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"68\" data-end=\"416\"><strong>In Turkey, title cancellation and registration lawsuits are among the most frequently used legal remedies for resolving disputes concerning the ownership of immovable property.<\/strong> The reasons leading to the filing of these lawsuits are quite diverse; however,<strong> the most common types encountered in practice in Turkey<\/strong> can be classified as follows:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li data-start=\"420\" data-end=\"669\"><strong data-start=\"420\" data-end=\"451\">Abuse of power of attorney:<\/strong> Lawsuits filed <strong>to annul registrations made as a result of a representative exceeding or abusing their authority.<\/strong> These actions are essential legal mechanisms to ensure that ownership remains with the rightful owner.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"673\" data-end=\"944\"><strong data-start=\"673\" data-end=\"731\">Fraudulent transfer by the deceased:<\/strong> Lawsuits filed when <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/stolen-inheritance-and-fraudulent-conveyance\/\"><strong>an inherited property is transferred fraudulently<\/strong><\/a> <strong>to deprive other heirs of their inheritance rights.<\/strong> These lawsuits are crucial to protect the rights of heirs in Turkey and prevent unjust enrichment.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"948\" data-end=\"1196\"><strong data-start=\"948\" data-end=\"1000\">Extraordinary prescription (adverse possession):<\/strong> Lawsuits based on <strong>claims of ownership acquisition through long-term possession of an immovable property.<\/strong> Such cases aim to have ownership rights acquired before registration legally recognized.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1200\" data-end=\"1381\"><strong data-start=\"1200\" data-end=\"1240\">Contract of maintenance until death:<\/strong> Lawsuits seeking <strong>the cancellation of title deed registrations in Turkey<\/strong> made in breach of or fraudulently under a contract of care and maintenance until death.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1385\" data-end=\"1618\"><strong data-start=\"1385\" data-end=\"1420\">Zoning (development) practices:<\/strong> Lawsuits filed as a result of <strong>unlawful registration transactions made under zoning plans or implementations.<\/strong> These are important to ensure harmony between zoning law and the land registry system.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1622\" data-end=\"1850\"><strong data-start=\"1622\" data-end=\"1643\">Legal incapacity:<\/strong> Lawsuits filed <strong>when one of the parties lacked legal capacity to act at the time of the title deed registration transaction in Turkey.<\/strong> These cases aim to prevent the transfer of property based on <strong>invalid or deficient capacity.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1854\" data-end=\"2138\"><strong data-start=\"1854\" data-end=\"1881\">Family home annotation:<\/strong> Lawsuits seeking <strong>the cancellation of title deed registrations and transfers in Turkey<\/strong> made without the explicit consent of the spouse regarding<strong> property registered as the family home.<\/strong> Such lawsuits ensure<strong> the protection of the family home<\/strong> and safeguard the rights of spouses.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2142\" data-end=\"2644\"><strong data-start=\"2142\" data-end=\"2177\">Pre-emption right:<\/strong> Lawsuits filed to <strong>annul fraudulent or irregular sales aimed at preventing co-owners from exercising their statutory pre-emption right<\/strong> when one co-owner sells their share to a third party. These cases protect the pre-emption rights of co-owners and preserve the integrity of shared ownership arrangements. <strong>If such a lawsuit is filed while <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/partition-action-to-force-sale-of-property\/\">a partition case<\/a> is pending, the title cancellation and registration lawsuit is treated as a prejudicial issue.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2648\" data-end=\"3139\"><strong data-start=\"2648\" data-end=\"2688\">Fraudulent transfers during divorce:<\/strong> Lawsuits filed when a spouse transfers immovable properties to third parties<strong> during <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/guide-to-divorce-in-turkey\/\">divorce proceess in Turkey<\/a> or while <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/family-law\/divorce-in-turkey\/\">a divorce case<\/a> is pending<\/strong>, with the intention of preventing <strong>the liquidation of the matrimonial property regime, the other spouse\u2019s share claim, or the enforcement of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/family-law\/alimony-in-turkey\/\">divorce alimony and compensation<\/a>.<\/strong> These lawsuits aim to ensure <strong>an equitable liquidation of the marital property regime in Turkey<\/strong> and prevent loss of rights through bad-faith dispositions.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3143\" data-end=\"3468\"><strong data-start=\"3143\" data-end=\"3167\">Execution of a will:<\/strong> Lawsuits seeking to <strong>annul registrations made contrary to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/last-will-and-testament\/\">the provisions of a will<\/a> and to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/probate-in-turkey\/\">transfer the property to the heirs<\/a> or appointed heirs<\/strong> in accordance with the testamentary provisions. Such lawsuits ensure <strong>the fulfillment of the deceased\u2019s last will in Turkey<\/strong> and the proper distribution of the estate.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3472\" data-end=\"3927\"><strong data-start=\"3472\" data-end=\"3518\">Ownership claims prior to cadastral works:<\/strong> Lawsuits based on rights <strong>existing before cadastral works began.<\/strong> These lawsuits are significant in ensuring that <strong>rights acquired before cadastral surveys are duly registered in the land registry.<\/strong> A common example is when <strong>unregistered properties are recorded in another person\u2019s name<\/strong> during the cadastral process or when <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/ottoman-title-deed\/\"><strong>Ottoman-era title deeds<\/strong><\/a> <strong>are registered under other names during cadastral registration.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3931\" data-end=\"4421\"><strong data-start=\"3931\" data-end=\"3954\">Breach of contract:<\/strong> Lawsuits filed to <strong>annul title deed registrations in Turkey made in breach of contractual provisions<\/strong> concerning the transfer of immovable property and to ensure that the property is re-registered in accordance with the contract. These actions aim to uphold<strong> the principle of freedom of contract<\/strong> and ensure that the parties\u2019 will is accurately reflected in the land registry. <strong>Breaches of a preliminary sale agreement or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/uncontested-divorce-process-in-turkey\/\">a divorce settlement protocol<\/a> are typical examples of such lawsuits.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"4423\" data-end=\"4896\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\"><strong>These types of lawsuits not only serve as an effective legal mechanism to protect individual property rights in the Turkish legal system<\/strong>, but also function to <strong data-start=\"4586\" data-end=\"4652\">maintain the reliability of the land registry and public trust<\/strong>. Therefore,<strong> the legal dimensions of title cancellation and registration lawsuits in Turkey<\/strong> extend beyond the <strong data-start=\"4762\" data-end=\"4801\">individual interests of the parties<\/strong> and have significant implications for <strong data-start=\"4840\" data-end=\"4895\">public order and the security of property ownership<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2><strong><a ref=\"magnificPopup\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Vekaletin-Kotuye-Kullanilmasi-Nedeniyle-Tapu-Iptali-ve-Tescil-Davasi-e1757794870366.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5893 size-us_800_400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Vekaletin-Kotuye-Kullanilmasi-Nedeniyle-Tapu-Iptali-ve-Tescil-Davasi-800x223.jpg\" alt=\"title deed cancellation in turkey\" width=\"800\" height=\"223\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"WHAT_IS_A_POWER_OF_ATTORNEY_AGREEMENT_IN_TURKEY\"><\/span><strong>WHAT IS A POWER OF ATTORNEY AGREEMENT IN TURKEY?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"433\">Under Article 502 of the Turkish Code of Obligations (Law No. 6098)<strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"72\">,<\/strong> <strong>a<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"75\" data-end=\"116\">contract of mandate (agency contract)<\/strong> <strong>in Turkey is defined as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/contract-law-in-turkey\/\">a type of contract<\/a> <\/strong>whereby the agent (representative) undertakes<strong data-start=\"168\" data-end=\"287\" data-is-only-node=\"\"> to perform a task or carry out a legal transaction on behalf of the principal<\/strong>. In such contracts, the agent is <strong data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"430\">obliged to protect the interests of the principal <\/strong>and act in accordance with the principal\u2019s instructions.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"435\" data-end=\"845\">For example, a person may appoint an agent in Turkey to carry out the <strong data-start=\"505\" data-end=\"570\">sale or transfer of their immovable property to a third party<\/strong>, and the necessary transactions can be carried out in the land registry through that agent. In this context, the contract of mandate plays an <strong data-start=\"713\" data-end=\"788\">important role in ensuring legal security and facilitating transactions<\/strong>, especially in dealings concerning immovable property.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"847\" data-end=\"1250\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Although the Turkish Code of Obligations does <strong data-start=\"893\" data-end=\"937\">not prescribe a general form requirement<\/strong> for mandate contracts in Turkey, <strong data-start=\"971\" data-end=\"1070\">a written form is mandatory for mandate contracts <\/strong>concerning the transfer of immovable property in order to be valid. This requirement was introduced to <strong data-start=\"1128\" data-end=\"1249\">enhance legal security in real estate transactions in Turkey <\/strong>and to minimize the risk of disputes between the parties.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scope_of_Authority_in_a_Power_of_Attorney_Agreement_in_Turkey\"><\/span><strong>Scope of Authority in a Power of Attorney Agreement in Turkey<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"741\">In Turkey, <strong data-start=\"11\" data-end=\"197\">if the scope of the contract of mandate (power of attorney agreement) is explicitly stated in the contract concluded between the parties, the provisions of the contract shall prevail<\/strong>. However, <strong data-start=\"208\" data-end=\"251\">if the scope is not expressly specified<\/strong>, the agent\u2019s powers are determined <strong data-start=\"287\" data-end=\"403\">according to the nature of the task to be performed, <\/strong>in line with Article 504 of the Turkish Code of Obligations. According to this article, <strong data-start=\"432\" data-end=\"546\">unless specifically authorized, the agent may not transfer immovable property or encumber it with a real right<\/strong>. Therefore, in Turkey, <strong data-start=\"570\" data-end=\"738\">an agent must be expressly granted special authority <\/strong>in order to perform transactions such as the transfer of immovable property or encumbering it with a real right.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"743\" data-end=\"1266\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\"><strong>If the agent<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"756\" data-end=\"832\">acts beyond the scope of their authority or abuses the power of attorney<\/strong>, the transactions carried out <strong data-start=\"863\" data-end=\"914\">may be deemed unlawful and subject to annulment in Turkey<\/strong>. This is especially important in cases where the agent performs transactions <strong data-start=\"992\" data-end=\"1048\">outside the powers specified in the mandate contract<\/strong>. Thus, in Turkey, <strong data-start=\"1067\" data-end=\"1265\">the scope of the mandate contract and the limits of the agent\u2019s authority <\/strong>play a crucial role both in ensuring legal security in real estate transactions in Turkey and in protecting the right of ownership.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Liability_of_the_Agent_in_a_Power_of_Attorney_Agreement_in_Turkey\"><\/span><strong>Liability of the Agent in a Power of Attorney Agreement in Turkey<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 &#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)&#093; thread-sm:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)&#093; px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; thread-sm:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:48rem&#093; mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal &#091;.text-message+&amp;&#093;:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"8cbcaa44-3089-4b49-b4b1-a920efe06d45\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-&#091;3px&#093;\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light markdown-new-styling\">\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"561\"><strong>In Turkey, a<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"13\" data-end=\"129\">contract of mandate (power of attorney agreement) requires the agent to fulfill their duties of care and loyalty<\/strong>. According to the Turkish Code of Obligations, <strong>the agent is obliged to<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"205\" data-end=\"340\">act in accordance with the principal\u2019s instructions, protect the principal\u2019s interests, and personally perform the tasks undertaken<\/strong>. In addition, if it is not possible to obtain the principal\u2019s approval, <strong data-start=\"413\" data-end=\"497\">the agent may deviate from the instructions to protect the principal\u2019s interests<\/strong>; however, this does not release the agent from liability.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"563\" data-end=\"919\"><strong>If the agent<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"576\" data-end=\"615\">acts in breach of their obligations<\/strong>, the principal may <strong data-start=\"635\" data-end=\"718\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/file-a-lawsuit-in-turkey\/\">file a lawsuit in Turkey<\/a> against the agent <\/strong>to claim compensation for the damages suffered. In particular, <strong data-start=\"735\" data-end=\"827\">if the agent abuses their authority and transfers an immovable property to a third party<\/strong>, there are various legal remedies available to protect the principal from loss of rights.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"921\" data-end=\"1026\"><strong>In this context<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"938\" data-end=\"1023\">the agent\u2019s liability in Turkey may give rise to the following legal consequences<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1030\" data-end=\"1171\">The principal may <strong data-start=\"1048\" data-end=\"1168\">file a compensation lawsuit against the agent in Turkey for the damages caused by the abuse of the power of attorney<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1174\" data-end=\"1422\">If the immovable property has been transferred to a third party, the principal may <strong data-start=\"1257\" data-end=\"1375\">file a title cancellation and registration lawsuit in Turkey against the third party<\/strong>, based on the <strong data-start=\"1390\" data-end=\"1419\">abuse of the agent\u2019s duty<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1174\" data-end=\"1422\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: inherit;\">The <\/span>agent\u2019s liability in Turkey<\/strong> is not limited to acting contrary to the principal\u2019s instructions<span style=\"font-family: inherit;\">; it also arises <\/span><strong style=\"font-family: inherit;\" data-start=\"1542\" data-end=\"1644\">when the agent fails to protect the principal\u2019s rights and interests <\/strong>by breaching the duty of care<span style=\"font-family: inherit;\">. This is of <\/span>great importance in maintaining the relationship of trust inherent in mandate contracts in Turkey<span style=\"font-family: inherit;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Obligations_and_Responsibilities_of_the_Agent_in_a_Power_of_Attorney_Agreement_in_Turkey\"><\/span><strong>Obligations and Responsibilities of the Agent in a Power of Attorney Agreement in Turkey<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>In Turkey, a<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"13\" data-end=\"122\">contract of mandate (power of attorney agreement) establishes a relationship of trust between the parties<\/strong>, requiring the agent to act in accordance with <strong>the principal\u2019s instructions<\/strong>, <strong>to safeguard the principal\u2019s interests, and to perform tasks with due care<\/strong>. The Turkish Code of Obligations sets out in detail<strong data-start=\"280\" data-end=\"370\"> the obligations undertaken by the agent<\/strong> in this regard.<\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"395\" data-end=\"463\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_The_Agents_Duty_to_Perform_in_Accordance_with_Instructions_in_Turkey\"><\/span>1. The Agent\u2019s Duty to Perform in Accordance with Instructions in Turkey<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"464\" data-end=\"937\"><strong>In Turkey, the agent is<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"488\" data-end=\"562\">obliged to act in line with the explicit instructions of the principal<\/strong>. However, if the agent cannot obtain the principal\u2019s approval and it is clear that the principal would approve the action if informed<strong data-start=\"573\" data-end=\"745\">, the agent may deviate from the instructions<\/strong>. Apart from this, if the agent deviates from the instructions<strong data-start=\"764\" data-end=\"916\">, they will not be deemed to have fulfilled their obligations unless they compensate any resulting damage (TCO Article 505).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"939\" data-end=\"1373\"><strong data-start=\"939\" data-end=\"1024\">Turkish Court of Cassation (Yarg\u0131tay) decisions strictly monitor this obligation.<\/strong> For example, if an agent claims to have received certain instructions even though no such instructions were given,<strong data-start=\"1038\" data-end=\"1195\"> the agent must prove this claim with legal evidence<\/strong> <strong>(Y13HD-K.2017\/1606).<\/strong> Therefore,<strong> the<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"1232\" data-end=\"1344\">duty to act in accordance with instructions <\/strong>is regarded as a fundamental element of the mandate relationship in the Turkish legal system.<\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"1380\" data-end=\"1448\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_The_Agents_Duty_of_Personal_Performance_Loyalty_and_Care_in_Turkey\"><\/span>2. The Agent\u2019s Duty of Personal Performance, Loyalty, and Care in Turkey<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1449\" data-end=\"1803\"><strong>In Turkey, the agent must<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"1475\" data-end=\"1517\">personally perform the work undertaken<\/strong>. However, <strong>if authorized in the contract or if the nature of the task makes it necessary or customary<\/strong>, the agent may delegate the work to another person. Even in such cases, the <strong data-start=\"1699\" data-end=\"1782\">agent is still obliged to act in accordance with the duties of loyalty and care<\/strong> <strong>(TCO Article 506).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1805\" data-end=\"2140\"><strong>The<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"1809\" data-end=\"1916\">duty of loyalty and care requires the agent to act as a prudent agent would under similar circumstances<\/strong>. The agent\u2019s liability is assessed based on<strong data-start=\"1952\" data-end=\"2059\"> the standards of behavior expected from a prudent agent operating in a similar field in Turkey<\/strong>. If the agent breaches these duties, <strong data-start=\"2097\" data-end=\"2137\">their actions may be deemed unlawful<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2142\" data-end=\"2419\">The Court of Cassation has held agents legally liable in cases of breaches of loyalty and care. For instance, <strong data-start=\"2252\" data-end=\"2398\">if an agent acts contrary to good faith and reasonable behavior standards during a real estate sale, the transaction may be considered invalid<\/strong> <strong>(Y1HD-K.2020\/117).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2421\" data-end=\"2819\"><strong>If the agent<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"2434\" data-end=\"2554\">has no authority to delegate the work but does so anyway, they are personally liable for the acts of the third party<\/strong>. However, if the agent is authorized to appoint another person,<strong data-start=\"2565\" data-end=\"2714\"> they are only required to exercise due care in the selection and instruction of that person<\/strong>. In such cases, <strong data-start=\"2731\" data-end=\"2800\">the principal may assert rights directly against the third person<\/strong> <strong>(TCO Article 507).<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"2826\" data-end=\"2870\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_The_Agents_Duty_to_Render_Accounts\"><\/span>3. The Agent\u2019s Duty to Render Accounts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2871\" data-end=\"3190\">In Turkey, one of the agent\u2019s most important obligations is <strong>the<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"2935\" data-end=\"3074\">duty to render accounts upon the principal\u2019s request and to deliver to the principal everything obtained in connection with the mandate<\/strong> <strong>(TCO Article 508).<\/strong> If the agent delays delivery, they are also liable to<strong data-start=\"3133\" data-end=\"3187\"> pay interest on any money they hold<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3192\" data-end=\"3514\">Yarg\u0131tay emphasizes this duty in its case law. <strong>The agent must<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"3258\" data-end=\"3382\">protect the principal\u2019s rights, including values obtained from third parties, and provide complete and accurate accounts<\/strong>. If the agent breaches this duty, the principal may<strong data-start=\"3417\" data-end=\"3491\"> file a compensation lawsuit <\/strong>for the damages incurred<strong> (Y13HD-K.2017\/2635).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3516\" data-end=\"3760\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">This duty is based on the principle that <strong data-start=\"3557\" data-end=\"3666\">the agent must deliver all property and funds obtained on behalf of the principal accurately and promptly<\/strong>, and it plays a key role in maintaining the element of trust in the mandate relationship in Turkey.<\/p>\n<h2><strong><a ref=\"magnificPopup\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/vekalet-gorevinin-kotuye-kullanilmasi-e1757794820295.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5891 size-us_800_400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/vekalet-gorevinin-kotuye-kullanilmasi-800x198.jpg\" alt=\"Renunciation of inheritance in Turkey\" width=\"800\" height=\"198\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"TITLE_DEED_CANCELLATION_AND_REGISTRATION_LAWSUIT_DUE_TO_ABUSE_OF_POWER_OF_ATTORNEY_IN_TURKEY\"><\/span><strong>TITLE DEED CANCELLATION AND REGISTRATION LAWSUIT DUE TO ABUSE OF POWER OF ATTORNEY IN TURKEY<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"82\" data-end=\"399\">In Turkey, real estate transfer transactions carried out through <strong>the abuse of a power of attorney are considered unlawful<\/strong>, and any grievances arising from such transactions may be remedied through <strong>a lawsuit for<\/strong> <strong>the annulment and re-registration of the title deed based on the abuse of the power of attorney.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"401\" data-end=\"870\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\"><strong>The<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"405\" data-end=\"532\">attorney is obliged to act in the interest and in line with the will of the principal who has granted the power of attorney in Turkey<\/strong>. In this respect, the attorney must refrain from any act or conduct that may harm the principal. Therefore, in Turkey, <strong data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"766\">the abuse of a power of attorney constitutes both an unlawful act and a violation of the right to property<\/strong>, and it requires <strong>the rectification of the land registry <\/strong>to reflect the true legal ownership status.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scope_of_the_Power_of_Attorney_Relationship_and_Principles_of_Liability_in_Turkey\"><\/span><strong>Scope of the Power of Attorney Relationship and Principles of Liability in Turkey<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"173\" data-end=\"727\">If there is a written <strong data-start=\"195\" data-end=\"226\">power of attorney agreement<\/strong> between the attorney and the principal in Turkey, <strong>the scope of the relationship between the parties is determined according to the provisions of this agreement.<\/strong> If there is no written agreement,<strong> the scope of the power of attorney is determined according to the nature of the task to be performed (Article 504\/1 of the Turkish Code of Obligations)<\/strong>. Even if not explicitly stated in the agreement, the attorney must always act in line with<strong data-start=\"627\" data-end=\"724\"> the will and in the best interests of the principal<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"729\" data-end=\"1318\">According to the Court of Cassation, even if the attorney has been authorized to sell an immovable property at any price and to any person, <strong data-start=\"873\" data-end=\"955\">this authority does not eliminate the attorney\u2019s duty of loyalty and diligence<\/strong>. The attorney cannot carry out transactions by disregarding the principle of good faith and the standards of reasonable conduct <strong>(1st Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation \u2013 Decision 2016\/2002).<\/strong> Otherwise, <strong data-start=\"1167\" data-end=\"1315\">the attorney\u2019s liability arises in Turkey, and such transactions may be subject to a lawsuit for annulment and re-registration of the title deed in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Legal_Grounds_for_the_Lawsuit_for_Cancellation_and_Registration_of_Title_Deed_Due_to_Abuse_of_Power_of_Attorney_in_Turkey\"><\/span><strong>Legal Grounds for the Lawsuit for Cancellation and Registration of Title Deed Due to Abuse of Power of Attorney in Turkey<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1443\" data-end=\"1809\">If the attorney, by abusing the power of attorney, carries out <strong data-start=\"1506\" data-end=\"1594\">unlawful transactions <\/strong>resulting in an improper registration of an immovable property, the principal or their heirs may file <strong>a<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"1636\" data-end=\"1751\">lawsuit for title deed cancellation due to the abuse of the power of attorney in Turkey<\/strong>. The main legal grounds of this lawsuit are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1813\" data-end=\"1933\"><strong data-start=\"1813\" data-end=\"1839\">Improper Registration:<\/strong> Transfer of immovable property ownership as a result of the abuse of the power of attorney.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1936\" data-end=\"2036\"><strong data-start=\"1936\" data-end=\"1961\">Attorney\u2019s Liability:<\/strong> The attorney\u2019s actions in breach of the duties of loyalty and diligence.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2039\" data-end=\"2181\"><strong data-start=\"2039\" data-end=\"2067\">Third Party\u2019s Bad Faith:<\/strong> If the third party involved in the transaction acted in bad faith, the transaction does not bind the principal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2183\" data-end=\"2691\">If the attorney, by abusing the power of attorney, <strong>transfers an immovable property to a third party<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"2283\" data-end=\"2320\">to the detriment of the principal<\/strong>, and if this third party is in<strong data-start=\"2326\" data-end=\"2365\"> bad faith<\/strong>, the principal may claim <strong data-start=\"2391\" data-end=\"2511\">in a lawsuit for title deed cancellation due to the abuse of the power of attorney in Turkey<\/strong> that they are not bound by this transaction, based on the principle of good faith and the prohibition of abuse of rights set forth under Article 2 of the Turkish Civil Code.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2693\" data-end=\"3091\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">However, if the third party is in <strong>good faith<\/strong> and <strong>does not know or is not expected to know<\/strong> that the attorney has abused their duty, <strong>the transaction is considered valid (Article 3 of the Turkish Civil Code)<\/strong>. In this case, the attorney\u2019s liability is limited to the internal relationship between the principal and the attorney<strong data-start=\"2917\" data-end=\"3090\">, and no direct liability arises against the third party in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Violation_of_the_Duty_of_Loyalty_and_Diligence_in_the_Abuse_of_Power_of_Attorney\"><\/span><strong>Violation of the Duty of Loyalty and Diligence in the Abuse of Power of Attorney<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"202\" data-end=\"670\"><strong>In Turkey,<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"213\" data-end=\"319\">the attorney is obliged to perform their duties in accordance with the duties of loyalty and diligence<\/strong>. This obligation requires the attorney to observe the legitimate interests of the principal and to act in line with the standards of conduct expected from a prudent attorney. If the attorney breaches this obligation in Turkey, <strong data-start=\"499\" data-end=\"668\">they may be held liable for damages arising from the abuse of the power of attorney upon the principal\u2019s request.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"672\" data-end=\"1278\">According to the established case law of the Court of Cassation, <strong data-start=\"737\" data-end=\"894\">even in the absence of an explicit provision in the power of attorney agreement, the attorney cannot act in breach of the duties of loyalty and diligence<\/strong>. For example, <strong data-start=\"909\" data-end=\"1074\">even if authorized to sell an immovable property at any price and to any person, the attorney cannot carry out the sale at a price far below reasonable standards<\/strong> <strong>(1st Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation \u2013 Decision 2020\/117).<\/strong> Otherwise, the attorney will be obliged to compensate the principal for<strong data-start=\"1153\" data-end=\"1275\"> damages resulting from the abuse of the power of attorney in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Burden_of_Proof_and_Importance_of_Evidence_in_Action_for_Cancellation_and_Registration_of_Deed_Due_to_Abuse_of_Power_of_Attorney\"><\/span><strong>Burden of Proof and Importance of Evidence in Action for Cancellation and Registration of Deed Due to Abuse of Power of Attorney<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none scroll-mt-&#091;calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))&#093;\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"request-68c3f86d-e1cc-832c-b720-89c0dd8c09b2-2\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-18\" data-scroll-anchor=\"true\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 &#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)&#093; thread-sm:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)&#093; px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; thread-sm:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:48rem&#093; mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal &#091;.text-message+&amp;&#093;:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"7ff25e5e-112f-4337-9012-e2712cc914a1\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-&#091;3px&#093;\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light markdown-new-styling\">\n<p data-start=\"1439\" data-end=\"1853\"><strong>In Turkey<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1450\" data-end=\"1601\">the burden of proof in lawsuits for cancellation and re-registration of title deeds based on the abuse of the power of attorney lies with the claimant<\/strong>. Since the claimant seeks to obtain a legal benefit from this lawsuit, <strong data-start=\"1673\" data-end=\"1724\">they must prove their allegations with evidence<\/strong>. However, in certain circumstances<strong data-start=\"1735\" data-end=\"1850\">, procedural rules that may effectively reverse the burden of proof can also be applied<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1855\" data-end=\"2076\"><strong>In these lawsuits<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1874\" data-end=\"1974\">a wide range of evidence may be used to demonstrate the abuse of the power of attorney in Turkey<\/strong>. The principal or their heirs, acting as the claimant, may rely on the following types of evidence:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2080\" data-end=\"2179\"><strong data-start=\"2080\" data-end=\"2119\">Land registry records and documents<\/strong> (such as powers of attorney, sale or transfer agreements)<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2182\" data-end=\"2238\"><strong data-start=\"2182\" data-end=\"2236\">Records from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/inheritance-determination-in-turkey\/\">inheritance determination proceedings<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2241\" data-end=\"2265\"><strong data-start=\"2241\" data-end=\"2263\">Witness statements<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2268\" data-end=\"2297\"><strong data-start=\"2268\" data-end=\"2295\">Bank account statements<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2300\" data-end=\"2343\"><strong data-start=\"2300\" data-end=\"2341\">On-site inspection and expert reports<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2346\" data-end=\"2367\"><strong data-start=\"2346\" data-end=\"2365\">Expert opinions<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2370\" data-end=\"2451\"><strong data-start=\"2370\" data-end=\"2393\">Electronic evidence<\/strong> (e-mail correspondences, screenshots of messages, etc.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2453\" data-end=\"2817\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Courts in Turkey will assess whether the parties<strong data-start=\"2453\" data-end=\"2701\"> acted in good faith within the framework of the principle of honesty, the prohibition of abuse of rights, and the principle of good faith<\/strong>, as set out in Articles 2 and 3 of the Turkish Civil Code, when handling <strong>lawsuits for<\/strong> <strong>cancellation and re-registration of title deeds in Turkey due to the abuse of the power of attorney<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"flex min-h-&#091;46px&#093; justify-start\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Plaintiff_and_Defendant_Status_in_Deed_Cancellation_and_Registration_Lawsuit_due_to_Abuse_of_Power_of_Attorney_in_Turkey\"><\/span><strong>Plaintiff and Defendant Status in Deed Cancellation and Registration Lawsuit due to Abuse of Power of Attorney in Turkey<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"252\" data-end=\"616\">In Turkey, <strong>lawsuits for annulment and re-registration of title deeds due to the abuse of power of attorney<\/strong> <strong>are filed by the principal<\/strong> (the person granting the power of attorney) who has suffered damage as a result of the attorney\u2019s unlawful actions. In such lawsuits, <strong>the defendant is the person in whose name the property has been unlawfully registered.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"618\" data-end=\"1224\">In Turkey, <strong>the defendant in lawsuits for cancellation and re-registration of title deeds is generally the third party<\/strong> who has acquired the immovable property from the attorney through a contract (such as sale, donation, or exchange). <strong>However,<\/strong> <strong>whether the third party acted in good faith or bad faith will be clarified during the proceedings.<\/strong> Therefore, it is also possible to conditionally (alternatively) pursue the personal liability of the attorney together with <strong>the lawsuit for title deed cancellation in Turkey. <\/strong>In such cases, the attorney must also be named as a defendant.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1226\" data-end=\"1814\">The personal liability and defendant status of the attorney in<strong> lawsuits for title deed cancellation and registration lawsuit in Turkey<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>due to the abuse of power of attorney must be carefully assessed.<\/strong> This is because <strong>there is no mandatory joinder<\/strong> between the attorney and the third party in such lawsuits. Therefore, if the attorney\u2019s liability is to be pursued, <strong>the attorney must be explicitly named as a defendant<\/strong>, and a claim for the attorney\u2019s personal liability due to the abuse of the power of attorney must be brought alongside <strong>the claim for title deed annulment and re-registration in Turkey.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1816\" data-end=\"2401\">If the third party in whose name the property has been registered has passed away<strong data-start=\"1816\" data-end=\"2062\">, the lawsuit for title deed cancellation and registration lawsuit in Turkey due to the abuse of power of attorney <\/strong>may be filed against the heirs of the third party. In this case, <strong data-start=\"2077\" data-end=\"2169\">the court may be requested to issue <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/inheritance-law-in-turkey\/\">a certificate of inheritance to determine the heirs<\/a>.<\/strong> Similarly, if the third party dies during the proceedings, the same process will be followed <strong data-start=\"2181\" data-end=\"2319\">to ensure that the heirs are included as defendants.<\/strong> In such a case, <strong data-start=\"2336\" data-end=\"2401\">support from an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/inheritance-lawyer-in-turkey\/\">inheritance lawyer in Turkey<\/a> <\/strong>becomes crucial.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2403\" data-end=\"2633\"><strong>Conducting the lawsuit in compliance with procedural rules<\/strong> and clearly stating the claims regarding both the attorney and the third party are of great importance for <strong>effectively identifying the defendants in the legal process.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Statute_of_Limitations_and_Prescription_Periods_in_legal_Cancellation_of_Land_Purchase_Deed_Due_to_Abuse_of_Power_of_Attorney\"><\/span><strong>Statute of Limitations and Prescription Periods in legal Cancellation of Land Purchase Deed <\/strong><strong>Due to Abuse of Power of Attorney<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2783\" data-end=\"3158\"><strong data-start=\"2783\" data-end=\"2989\">Lawsuits for cancellation and registration of title deeds in Turkey based on the abuse of power of attorney <\/strong>arising from unlawful registration are not subject to any <strong data-start=\"2783\" data-end=\"2989\">statute of limitations or time-bar,<\/strong> as they are based on a property ownership right. Since unlawful registration represents an ongoing illegality,<strong data-start=\"3039\" data-end=\"3158\"> there is no time limitation for filing such lawsuits.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3160\" data-end=\"3524\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\"><strong data-start=\"3160\" data-end=\"3373\">By contrast, in Turkey, lawsuits for annulment and re-registration of title deeds based on contractual claims may be subject to a statute of limitations under the provisions of the Turkish Code of Obligations.<\/strong> However, in lawsuits for cancellation and registration of title deeds in Turkey based on the abuse of power of attorney, <strong>there is no statute of limitations.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Competent_and_Authorized_Court_in_Title_Deed_Cancellation_And_Registration_Lawsuit_Due_To_Abuse_Of_Power_Of_Attorney\"><\/span><strong>Competent and Authorized Court in Title Deed Cancellation And Registration Lawsuit Due To Abuse Of Power Of Attorney<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"222\" data-end=\"561\">In lawsuits for annulment and re-registration of title deeds in Turkey, <strong data-start=\"294\" data-end=\"371\">the competent court may vary depending on the legal nature of the dispute<\/strong>. However, in cases of unlawful registration, such as the abuse of a power of attorney, <strong data-start=\"382\" data-end=\"558\">the competent court is the general jurisdiction court, namely the Civil Court of First Instance<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"563\" data-end=\"801\">Since these lawsuits concern the immovable property itself, pursuant to Article 12 of the Turkish Code of Civil Procedure (Law No. 6100),<strong data-start=\"627\" data-end=\"798\"> the court where the property is located is considered the court of exclusive jurisdiction<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"803\" data-end=\"1283\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Because title deed cancellation and registration lawsuits in Turkey arise from the abuse of a power of attorney and relate directly to the immovable property, they are not subject to <strong data-start=\"964\" data-end=\"1062\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/mediation-process-in-turkey\/\">a mandatory mediation process<\/a> as a precondition for filing the lawsuit<\/strong>. Such disputes <strong data-start=\"1078\" data-end=\"1196\">are not listed among those suitable for mediation <\/strong>under the Turkish Mediation Law in Civil Disputes (Law No. 6325). Accordingly, <strong data-start=\"1211\" data-end=\"1282\">it is not obligatory to attempt mediation before filing the title deed cancellation and registration lawsuit in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"LIABILITY_OF_THE_PERSON_WHO_ACQUIRES_AN_IMMOVABLE_PROPERTY_AS_A_RESULT_OF_THE_ABUSE_OF_POWER_OF_ATTORNEY_IN_TURKEY\"><\/span>LIABILITY OF THE PERSON WHO ACQUIRES AN IMMOVABLE PROPERTY AS A RESULT OF THE ABUSE OF POWER OF ATTORNEY IN TURKEY<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"237\" data-end=\"395\">If an attorney <strong data-start=\"252\" data-end=\"349\">abuses their power of attorney in Turkey and transfers an immovable property to a third party<\/strong>, the true owner has two legal remedies:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li data-start=\"399\" data-end=\"454\"><strong data-start=\"399\" data-end=\"451\">File a compensation lawsuit against the attorney<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"457\" data-end=\"605\"><strong data-start=\"457\" data-end=\"602\">File a lawsuit for annulment and re-registration of the title deed against the person who acquired the property in order to recover ownership<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"607\" data-end=\"878\"><strong>However, the defendant in title deed cancellation and registration lawsuit in Turkey <\/strong>is the person appearing as the owner in the land registry, <strong>not the attorney.<\/strong> Therefore, such lawsuits <strong>must be filed against the third party<\/strong> who acquired the property.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"880\" data-end=\"1307\"><strong data-start=\"880\" data-end=\"991\">Filing a title deed cancellation and registration lawsuit in Turkey requires that the acquirer acted in bad faith.<\/strong> Bad faith is defined as situations where <strong data-start=\"1033\" data-end=\"1174\">the person acquiring the property knew or, based on objective circumstances, should have known that the attorney had abused their duties.<\/strong> If the acquirer <strong data-start=\"1191\" data-end=\"1233\">knew or should have known of the abuse<\/strong>, a lawsuit for annulment and re-registration may be filed against them.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1309\" data-end=\"1817\">Conversely, <strong data-start=\"1321\" data-end=\"1411\">if the acquirer neither knew nor could have known about the attorney\u2019s abuse of duties<\/strong>, Article 1023 of the Turkish Civil Code (TCC) protects the ownership or real right acquired by the third party in good faith relying on the land registry, and <strong>a<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"616\" data-end=\"782\">title deed cancellation and registration lawsuit in Turkey<\/strong><strong data-start=\"1575\" data-end=\"1700\">\u00a0based on the abuse of power of attorney cannot be filed against such a person<\/strong>. In this case, only <strong>a compensation lawsuit<\/strong> against the attorney who abused their duties is possible in Turkey.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1819\" data-end=\"2206\">Another important point to note is that <strong data-start=\"1859\" data-end=\"1904\">the power of attorney must not be forged.<\/strong> If the power of attorney is <strong data-start=\"1933\" data-end=\"1947\">fraudulent<\/strong>, the true owner may file<strong> a<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"616\" data-end=\"782\">title deed cancellation and registration lawsuit in Turkey<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"2017\" data-end=\"2080\">even if the third party acquired the property in good faith<\/strong>. Therefore, <strong data-start=\"2093\" data-end=\"2204\">good faith of the third party is not protected <\/strong>in transactions carried out with <strong>a forged power of attorney.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2208\" data-end=\"2523\"><strong data-start=\"2208\" data-end=\"2381\">The presence or absence of good faith in lawsuits for annulment and re-registration due to the abuse of power of attorney in Turkey is assessed on a case-by-case basis.<\/strong> The examination of whether the third party acted in bad faith during the transfer is supported, in addition to the parties\u2019 statements, by:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li data-start=\"2527\" data-end=\"2607\"><strong data-start=\"2527\" data-end=\"2605\">The difference between the sale price of the property and its actual value<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2610\" data-end=\"2650\"><strong data-start=\"2610\" data-end=\"2648\">Unusual provisions in the contract<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2653\" data-end=\"2696\"><strong data-start=\"2653\" data-end=\"2694\">Electronic or physical correspondence<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2699\" data-end=\"2761\"><strong data-start=\"2699\" data-end=\"2761\" data-is-last-node=\"\">Witness statements and the overall context of other events<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Status_of_the_Good-Faith_Third_Party_Who_Acquires_the_Property\"><\/span><strong>Status of the Good-Faith Third Party Who Acquires the Property<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"208\" data-end=\"691\">In order for a third party contracting with the attorney to be considered in good faith under Article 3 of the Turkish Civil Code (TCC), <strong data-start=\"349\" data-end=\"513\">the third party must not know that the attorney abused their powers <\/strong>and must have been unable to discover this despite exercising the diligence expected of them. Under these conditions, <strong data-start=\"539\" data-end=\"689\">the contract with the attorney is deemed valid in Turkey, <\/strong>and the principal (the person granting the power of attorney) is bound by this contract.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"693\" data-end=\"915\">Even if the attorney has abused their power of attorney in Turkey, <strong data-start=\"764\" data-end=\"913\">this situation is considered an internal issue between the attorney and the principal <\/strong>and does not affect the rights acquired by the third party.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1486\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">However, <strong data-start=\"926\" data-end=\"1098\">if the third party and the attorney are acting in collusion, or if the third party acted in bad faith and knew\u2014or should have known\u2014that the attorney abused their power<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1100\" data-end=\"1150\">the principal cannot be bound by the contract.<\/strong> This principle is a direct consequence of <strong data-start=\"1193\" data-end=\"1278\">the duty of honesty and good faith <\/strong>set out in Article 2 of the Turkish Civil Code. This rule <strong data-start=\"1290\" data-end=\"1361\">is mandatory and must be taken into account by the judge ex officio<\/strong>. Any contrary approach would <strong data-start=\"1391\" data-end=\"1425\">encourage or condone bad faith<\/strong>, which is <strong data-start=\"1436\" data-end=\"1485\">unacceptable under contemporary legal systems<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Status_of_the_Bad-Faith_Third_Party_Who_Acquires_the_Property\"><\/span><strong>Status of the Bad-Faith Third Party Who Acquires the Property<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"282\" data-end=\"478\">If it is determined that the third party acted in bad faith, <strong>the<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"616\" data-end=\"782\">title deed cancellation and registration lawsuit in Turkey<\/strong><strong data-start=\"351\" data-end=\"475\">\u00a0must be accepted<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"480\" data-end=\"747\">In cases where <strong data-start=\"495\" data-end=\"542\">the third party is not clearly in bad faith<\/strong>, the assessment focuses on <strong data-start=\"570\" data-end=\"744\">whether the third party knew that the attorney acted maliciously or whether, despite exercising the diligence expected of them<\/strong>, they could have discovered such misconduct.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"749\" data-end=\"1311\"><strong>The<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"753\" data-end=\"841\">validity of the contract concerning the transfer of the immovable property in Turkey<\/strong> can be established through a <strong data-start=\"871\" data-end=\"911\">comprehensive evaluation of evidence<\/strong>, including <strong data-start=\"923\" data-end=\"988\">inspection reports, expert reports, and professional opinions<\/strong>. In particular, <strong data-start=\"1005\" data-end=\"1124\">the difference between the property\u2019s actual value and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/selling-property-lower-than-circle-rate\/\">the sale price recorded in the title deed<\/a><\/strong> <strong>is crucial in determining bad faith<\/strong>. If this difference exceeds reasonable levels and the third party cannot justify it lawfully, <strong>they may be deemed to have acted in bad faith.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1313\" data-end=\"1549\">Expert reports must be <strong>detailed, reasoned, and subject to objection<\/strong>; otherwise, as seen in established case law of the Court of Cassation, this may <strong data-start=\"1480\" data-end=\"1546\">prolong the litigation and result in annulment of the decision<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1551\" data-end=\"1789\">The rights acquired by a third party found to be acting in<strong data-start=\"1555\" data-end=\"1641\"> bad faith are not protected<\/strong>, and the <strong data-start=\"1651\" data-end=\"1786\">principal\u2019s (grantor of the power of attorney) claim for annulment and re-registration of the title deed in Turkey will be accepted<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1791\" data-end=\"2172\"><strong>Each case<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"1801\" data-end=\"1855\">must be assessed within its specific circumstances<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"1861\" data-end=\"1903\">evidence must be presented accordingly<\/strong>. Documents such as <strong data-start=\"1923\" data-end=\"1983\">witness statements, e-mails, and screenshots of messages<\/strong> can be used to <strong data-start=\"1999\" data-end=\"2088\">disprove the third party\u2019s claim of good faith or to demonstrate the principal\u2019s loss<\/strong> in a title deed cancellation and registration lawsuit in Turkey<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2174\" data-end=\"2270\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">In this context, <strong data-start=\"2191\" data-end=\"2269\">seeking assistance from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/real-estate-lawyer-in-turkey\/\">a real estate lawyer in Turkey<\/a> is highly advisable<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2><a ref=\"magnificPopup\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/vekaleti-kotuye-kullanma-sucu-e1757794790521.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5895 size-us_800_400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/vekaleti-kotuye-kullanma-sucu-800x192.jpg\" alt=\"Cancellation of Sale Deed in Turkey\" width=\"800\" height=\"192\" \/><\/a><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"WHAT_TO_DO_IF_AN_ATTORNEY_FAILS_TO_PAY_THE_SALE_PRICE_UNDER_A_POWER_OF_ATTORNEY_IN_TURKEY\"><\/span>WHAT TO DO IF AN ATTORNEY FAILS TO PAY THE SALE PRICE UNDER A POWER OF ATTORNEY IN TURKEY?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"211\" data-end=\"717\">In Turkey, <strong>a<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"224\" data-end=\"265\">power of attorney agreement<\/strong> is defined under the Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO) as <strong>a contract whereby the attorney undertakes to perform a task or complete a legal transaction on behalf of the principal.<\/strong> According to the Court of Cassation case law and prevailing doctrine, <strong>the power of attorney relationship is essentially based on trust<\/strong>. Broadly speaking, a power of attorney in Turkey constitutes a legal transaction that <strong data-start=\"689\" data-end=\"714\">creates a duty to act<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"719\" data-end=\"1023\">The attorney is <strong data-start=\"735\" data-end=\"783\">obliged to protect the principal\u2019s interests<\/strong> and must act with <strong data-start=\"802\" data-end=\"827\">diligence and loyalty<\/strong> while fulfilling this obligation. In determining the attorney\u2019s responsibility arising from the duty of care, the standard applied is that of a <strong data-start=\"972\" data-end=\"1020\">prudent attorney operating in the same field<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1025\" data-end=\"1549\">Under Turkish law, the <strong data-start=\"1048\" data-end=\"1104\">attorney\u2019s duty to account<\/strong>\u00a0arises upon the establishment of the power of attorney and <strong data-start=\"1164\" data-end=\"1243\">continues even after the termination of the attorney-principal relationship<\/strong>. According to <strong data-start=\"1258\" data-end=\"1308\">Article 508 of the Turkish Code of Obligations<\/strong>, the attorney is required to <strong data-start=\"1338\" data-end=\"1433\">return all assets acquired during the performance of the power of attorney to the principal<\/strong>, and the statute of limitations for this obligation does not commence until the duty to account is fulfilled.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1551\" data-end=\"1781\">Specifically, <strong data-start=\"1565\" data-end=\"1629\">if the attorney fails to pay the sale price to the principal<\/strong>, the duty to account <strong data-start=\"1651\" data-end=\"1671\">remains in force<\/strong>, and any claims the principal may pursue in this context <strong data-start=\"1677\" data-end=\"1778\">are not subject to the statute of limitations<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1783\" data-end=\"2093\">Moreover, pursuant to Article 508\/2 of the Turkish Code of Obligations, the attorney <strong data-start=\"1872\" data-end=\"1934\">must pay interest on any delayed payments to the principal<\/strong>. Therefore, the attorney is obliged not only to pay the sale price<strong data-start=\"1947\" data-end=\"2090\"> but also to pay interest <\/strong>accrued from the date of the sale if the payment is delayed.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2095\" data-end=\"2250\">The attorney is responsible not only for the sale price<strong data-start=\"2111\" data-end=\"2247\"> but also for any actions that cause loss to the principal in connection with the transaction<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2252\" data-end=\"2747\">In conclusion, <strong data-start=\"2267\" data-end=\"2370\">failure of the attorney to pay the sale price is considered an abuse of power of attorney in Turkey<\/strong>, and may trigger <strong data-start=\"2388\" data-end=\"2425\">both civil and criminal liability<\/strong>. If the attorney acts <strong data-start=\"2448\" data-end=\"2495\">in breach of their duty of loyalty and care<\/strong>, they may face <strong data-start=\"2511\" data-end=\"2620\">legal sanctions under the Turkish Code of Obligations and criminal sanctions under the Turkish Penal Code<\/strong> for abuse of authority. In such cases, <strong data-start=\"2660\" data-end=\"2744\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/online-legal-services\/\">obtaining legal support in Turkey<\/a> is crucial to prevent potential loss of rights<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2749\" data-end=\"2943\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Therefore, <strong data-start=\"2760\" data-end=\"2942\">conducting the power of attorney relationship in accordance with the law<\/strong> and <strong>the principle of good faith<\/strong> is essential to maintain the trust between the attorney and the principal in Turkey.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"108\" data-end=\"254\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DO_COMPANIES_IN_TURKEY_HAVE_THE_LEGAL_CAPACITY_TO_FILE_A_LAWSUIT_FOR_ANNULMENT_AND_REGISTRATION_OF_TITLE_DUE_TO_ABUSE_OF_POWER_OF_ATTORNEY\"><\/span>DO COMPANIES IN TURKEY HAVE THE LEGAL CAPACITY TO FILE A LAWSUIT FOR ANNULMENT AND REGISTRATION OF TITLE DUE TO ABUSE OF POWER OF ATTORNEY?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"256\" data-end=\"717\">In Turkey, <strong data-start=\"267\" data-end=\"329\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/corporate-law-in-turkey\/\">legal entities such as companies<\/a> possess legal personality<\/strong> and thus have both <strong data-start=\"349\" data-end=\"396\">capacity to hold rights and capacity to sue<\/strong>. Within this framework, companies can also enter into <strong data-start=\"451\" data-end=\"486\">power of attorney relationships<\/strong> and, through attorneys appointed under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/business-law-in-turkey\/\"><strong>Turkish<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"526\" data-end=\"544\">Commercial Law<\/strong><\/a>, carry out real estate transactions on their behalf. Attorneys acting on behalf of a company in Turkey are <strong data-start=\"652\" data-end=\"714\">obliged to protect the company\u2019s interests and act loyally<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"719\" data-end=\"1225\">If an attorney <strong data-start=\"734\" data-end=\"868\">abuses their power of attorney by transferring real estate registered under the company without the company\u2019s knowledge or consent<\/strong>, such a transfer is considered <strong data-start=\"900\" data-end=\"954\">unlawful and constitutes an irregular registration<\/strong>. In such cases, the company <strong data-start=\"983\" data-end=\"1087\">has the right to file a title deed cancellation and registration lawsuit in Turkey as the real rights holder<\/strong>. These companies may be <strong data-start=\"1112\" data-end=\"1160\">domestically <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/company-types-in-turkey\/\">established companies in Turkey<\/a><\/strong> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/establishing-a-foreign-company-branch-in-turkey\/\"><strong data-start=\"1164\" data-end=\"1222\">foreign companies operating through a branch in Turkey<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1227\" data-end=\"1623\">According to the Turkish Civil Code, lawsuits concerning ownership rights are <strong data-start=\"1309\" data-end=\"1354\">not subject to any statute of limitations<\/strong>, and companies, like natural persons, <strong data-start=\"1393\" data-end=\"1453\">have the right to sue regarding the real property itself<\/strong>. Therefore, companies can always file<strong data-start=\"1476\" data-end=\"1620\"> a title annulment and registration lawsuit in Turkey <\/strong>against irregular registrations arising from abuse of power of attorney.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1625\" data-end=\"2291\">However, <strong>the<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"1638\" data-end=\"1694\">good faith of the third party acquiring the property<\/strong> remains decisive in the lawsuit brought by the company. If the third party <strong data-start=\"1770\" data-end=\"1845\">knew or should have known that the attorney was abusing their authority<\/strong>, the company\u2019s <strong data-start=\"616\" data-end=\"782\">title deed cancellation and registration lawsuit in Turkey<\/strong><strong data-start=\"1861\" data-end=\"1930\">\u00a0will be upheld<\/strong>. Conversely, pursuant to <strong data-start=\"1956\" data-end=\"1998\">Article 1023 of the Turkish Civil Code<\/strong>, the acquisition by a <strong data-start=\"2021\" data-end=\"2059\">bona fide third party is protected<\/strong>, and in such a case, the <strong data-start=\"2085\" data-end=\"2152\">company can only file a compensation claim against the attorney<\/strong>. To avoid potential loss of rights, <strong data-start=\"2189\" data-end=\"2268\">obtaining legal support from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/commercial-lawyer-in-turkey\/\">a Turkish commercial law attorney<\/a> is essential<\/strong> in these situations.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2293\" data-end=\"2640\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Court precedents of the Turkish Court of Cassation clearly recognize that companies <strong data-start=\"2381\" data-end=\"2466\">have active litigation capacity to file a title deed cancellation and registration lawsuit in Turkey<\/strong>\u00a0when their property rights are abused. This ensures <strong data-start=\"2519\" data-end=\"2553\">protection of corporate assets<\/strong> and enforces <strong data-start=\"2567\" data-end=\"2639\">the loyalty obligations of corporate managers through legal remedies<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none scroll-mt-&#091;calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))&#093;\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"request-68c3f86d-e1cc-832c-b720-89c0dd8c09b2-11\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-36\" data-scroll-anchor=\"true\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 &#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)&#093; thread-sm:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)&#093; px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; thread-sm:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:48rem&#093; mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal &#091;.text-message+&amp;&#093;:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"cf868221-acd3-44fd-83a7-89f0918003d4\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-mini\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-&#091;3px&#093;\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light markdown-new-styling\">\n<h2 data-start=\"52\" data-end=\"190\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DO_FOREIGN_NATIONALS_HAVE_THE_RIGHT_TO_FILE_A_TITLE_ANNULMENT_AND_REGISTRATION_LAWSUIT_IN_TURKEY_DUE_TO_ABUSE_OF_POWER_OF_ATTORNEY\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"55\" data-end=\"190\">DO FOREIGN NATIONALS HAVE THE RIGHT TO FILE A TITLE ANNULMENT AND REGISTRATION LAWSUIT IN TURKEY DUE TO ABUSE OF POWER OF ATTORNEY?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"192\" data-end=\"708\">It is quite common for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/foreigners-buying-property-in-turkey\/\"><strong data-start=\"215\" data-end=\"270\">foreign nationals to purchase real estate in Turkey<\/strong><\/a> for <strong>investment purposes<\/strong>, to obtain <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/residence-permit-refusal-appeal-in-turkey\/\"><strong data-start=\"306\" data-end=\"327\">residence permits<\/strong><\/a>, or to <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/turkish-citizenship\/\">acquire Turkish citizenship<\/a><\/strong>, and to carry out these transactions through an attorney. In such cases, if the attorney abuses their authority and transfers the property contrary to the will and interests of the foreign principal, <strong>the foreign national has the right to file a lawsuit for annulment of the title deed and registration of the property in their own name in Turkey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"710\" data-end=\"1151\">Since the property is located in Turkey, according to Article 20 of the Turkish Code on Private International and Procedural Law (Law No. 5718 \u2013 M\u00d6HUK), <strong data-start=\"867\" data-end=\"932\">Turkish law applies to disputes regarding the property itself<\/strong>. Therefore, Turkish substantive law governs <strong data-start=\"616\" data-end=\"782\">title deed cancellation and registration lawsuits in Turkey<\/strong> involving foreign nationals, and the <strong data-start=\"1060\" data-end=\"1148\">abuse of power of attorney and irregular registration are assessed under Turkish law<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1153\" data-end=\"1460\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Under Turkish law<strong data-start=\"1159\" data-end=\"1249\">, ownership rights are protected for both foreign natural and legal persons<\/strong>, and there are <strong data-start=\"1265\" data-end=\"1348\">no restrictions on foreign nationals\u2019 legal capacity or right to file a title deed cancellation and registration lawsuit in Turkey<\/strong>\u00a0in cases where they seek annulment of irregular registrations resulting from the attorney\u2019s abuse of authority. <strong>In such cases, obtaining support from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/english-speaking-lawyer-in-turkey\/\">an English-speaking lawyer in Turkey<\/a> can be very beneficial.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"114\" data-end=\"232\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"IN_TURKEY_IS_CANCELLATION_OF_TITLE_DEED_POSSIBLE_FOR_REAL_ESTATE_TRANSFER_MADE_USING_A_FAKE_POWER_OF_ATTORNEY\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"117\" data-end=\"232\">IN TURKEY, IS CANCELLATION OF TITLE DEED POSSIBLE FOR REAL ESTATE TRANSFER MADE USING A FAKE POWER OF ATTORNEY?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"234\" data-end=\"507\">In Turkey, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/practice-areas\/real-estate-law-in-turkey\/\">a real estate transfer<\/a> made using a fake power of attorney<\/strong> is <strong data-start=\"311\" data-end=\"330\">legally invalid<\/strong>. In such cases, the <strong data-start=\"351\" data-end=\"381\">true owner of the property<\/strong> has the right to <strong data-start=\"399\" data-end=\"451\">file a title deed cancellation lawsuit in Turkey<\/strong> against transfers made with a fake power of attorney.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"509\" data-end=\"819\">However, if the person who received the property<strong> via<\/strong> <strong>a fake power of attorney subsequently<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"600\" data-end=\"633\">transfers it to a third party<\/strong>, under Article 1023 of the Turkish Civil Code (TCC), <strong>the<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"695\" data-end=\"741\">good faith of the third party is protected<\/strong>. In other words, the law gives <strong data-start=\"773\" data-end=\"816\">priority to the existence of good faith<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"821\" data-end=\"1218\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">In Turkey, regarding a <strong data-start=\"844\" data-end=\"904\">real estate transfer made using a fake power of attorney<\/strong>, the <strong data-start=\"910\" data-end=\"975\">burden of proving the bad faith of the good faith third party<\/strong> lies with the <strong data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1056\">plaintiff who identifies the flawed entry in the land registry<\/strong>. The Court of Cassation emphasizes that the plaintiff must <strong data-start=\"1116\" data-end=\"1217\">provide concrete evidence to demonstrate the bad faith of the person who transferred the property<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<h2 data-start=\"114\" data-end=\"169\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"IS_ABUSE_OF_POWER_OF_ATTORNEY_A_CRIME_IN_TURKEY\"><\/span><strong data-start=\"117\" data-end=\"169\">IS ABUSE OF POWER OF ATTORNEY A CRIME IN TURKEY?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"171\" data-end=\"441\">In Turkey, <strong data-start=\"182\" data-end=\"212\">abuse of power of attorney<\/strong> may constitute different types of <strong data-start=\"247\" data-end=\"268\">criminal offenses<\/strong>, depending on the <strong data-start=\"287\" data-end=\"329\">status of the agent (attorney-in-fact)<\/strong> and the <strong data-start=\"338\" data-end=\"359\">nature of the act<\/strong>. The main crimes considered under <strong>the abuse of power of attorney in Turkey<\/strong> are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"445\" data-end=\"726\"><strong data-start=\"445\" data-end=\"487\">Abuse of Official Duty (TCC Art. 257):<\/strong> If the agent holds the status of a <strong data-start=\"523\" data-end=\"542\">public official<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"544\" data-end=\"598\">using or failing to use their authority unlawfully<\/strong> in a way that causes <strong data-start=\"620\" data-end=\"671\">public damage or victimization of an individual<\/strong> constitutes the crime of <strong data-start=\"697\" data-end=\"723\">abuse of official duty<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"730\" data-end=\"1047\"><strong data-start=\"730\" data-end=\"765\">Breach of Trust (TCC Art. 155):<\/strong> If the agent <strong data-start=\"779\" data-end=\"826\">acts against the interests of the principal<\/strong>, causing damage to the principal\u2019s <strong data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"874\">property<\/strong>, this constitutes the crime of <strong data-start=\"906\" data-end=\"925\">breach of trust<\/strong>. This offense arises specifically when the agent <strong data-start=\"975\" data-end=\"1044\">misuses the authority granted to them over the principal\u2019s assets<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1051\" data-end=\"1329\"><strong data-start=\"1051\" data-end=\"1081\">Fraud (TCC Arts. 157-158):<\/strong> If the agent <strong data-start=\"1095\" data-end=\"1174\">unlawfully benefits from the principal\u2019s property through deceitful actions<\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/fraud-crime-in-turkey\/\"><strong>the crime of<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"1189\" data-end=\"1198\">fraud<\/strong><\/a> is committed in Turkey. Fraud frequently arises in contexts involving <strong data-start=\"1269\" data-end=\"1296\">high-value transactions<\/strong>, such as real estate dealings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1331\" data-end=\"1601\"><strong data-start=\"1331\" data-end=\"1361\">Abuse of power of attorney<\/strong> <strong>in Turkey<\/strong> not only triggers <strong data-start=\"1380\" data-end=\"1399\">civil liability<\/strong> but is also subject to <strong data-start=\"1423\" data-end=\"1447\">criminal prosecution<\/strong>. If the agent <strong data-start=\"1462\" data-end=\"1489\">misuses their authority<\/strong>, both <strong data-start=\"1496\" data-end=\"1521\">compensation lawsuits<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"1526\" data-end=\"1581\">criminal proceedings for abuse of power of attorney<\/strong> may be initiated.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1603\" data-end=\"1784\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Therefore, it is crucial that <strong data-start=\"1633\" data-end=\"1709\">power of attorney relationships are conducted transparently and reliably<\/strong>, and that the <strong data-start=\"1724\" data-end=\"1783\">rights of all parties are protected through legal means<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"l-section wpb_row height_auto\"><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_grid cols_1 laptops-cols_inherit tablets-cols_inherit mobiles-cols_1 valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"w-html\"><div class=\"cb-legal-box\">\n    <div class=\"cb-legal-inner\">\n        <p class=\"cb-legal-text\">\n            You can explore our other <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/blog\/\" class=\"cb-legal-link\">articles<\/a> or contact us for your legal support inquiries.\n        <\/p>\n        <div class=\"cb-legal-action\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/contact-us\/\" class=\"cb-legal-btn\">Contact Us<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<style>\n.cb-legal-box {\n    background: #ffffff;\n    border: 2px solid #8b3516; \n    border-radius: 8px;\n    padding: 30px;\n    margin: 30px auto;\n    width: 100%;\n    box-sizing: border-box;\n    font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\n    box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);\n}\n\n.cb-legal-inner {\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    justify-content: space-between;\n    gap: 30px;\n}\n\n.cb-legal-text {\n    margin: 0;\n    font-size: 19px;\n    color: #333333;\n    line-height: 1.5;\n    flex: 2;\n}\n\n.cb-legal-link {\n    color: #8b3516;\n    text-decoration: underline;\n    font-weight: bold;\n}\n\n.cb-legal-action {\n    flex: 1;\n    text-align: right;\n}\n\n.cb-legal-btn {\n    display: inline-block;\n    background-color: #8b3516;\n    color: #ffffff !important;\n    padding: 14px 28px;\n    border-radius: 5px;\n    text-decoration: none !important;\n    font-weight: bold;\n    font-size: 16px;\n    transition: all 0.3s ease;\n    border: 2px solid #8b3516;\n    white-space: nowrap;\n}\n\n.cb-legal-btn:hover {\n    background-color: #000000;\n    border-color: #000000;\n}\n\n\/* MOB\u0130LDEK\u0130 G\u00d6R\u00dcNT\u00dcY\u00dc D\u00dcZELTEN KISIM *\/\n@media (max-width: 768px) {\n    .cb-legal-box {\n        padding: 20px 15px; \/* Yan bo\u015fluklar\u0131 azaltt\u0131k *\/\n        margin: 20px 0;\n        width: 100% !important;\n    }\n    \n    .cb-legal-inner {\n        flex-direction: column !important;\n        gap: 15px; \/* Yaz\u0131 ve buton aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015flu\u011fu daraltt\u0131k *\/\n    }\n    \n    .cb-legal-text {\n        font-size: 16px; \/* Yaz\u0131y\u0131 mobilde bir t\u0131k k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltt\u00fck ki s\u0131\u011fs\u0131n *\/\n        text-align: center !important;\n        width: 100%;\n    }\n    \n    .cb-legal-action {\n        width: 100%;\n        text-align: center !important;\n    }\n    \n    .cb-legal-btn {\n        width: 80%; \/* Butonun ekran\u0131 komple bo\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in %80 yapt\u0131k *\/\n        padding: 12px 20px;\n        font-size: 15px;\n        display: inline-block; \/* Block yerine inline-block + %80 daha zarif durur *\/\n    }\n}\n<\/style><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"l-section wpb_row us_custom_0a0f4a9a height_auto\"><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_grid cols_1 laptops-cols_inherit tablets-cols_inherit mobiles-cols_1 valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column us_custom_275474cc has_text_color\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><p><strong>LEGAL DISCLAIMER:<\/strong> The copyright of the articles and content on our website belongs to Av. Orbay \u00c7okg\u00f6r, and all articles are published with electronically signed time stamps to establish ownership. If any articles on our website are copied or summarized without providing a source link and published on other websites, legal and criminal proceedings will be initiated.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Index Toggle LEGAL NATURE AND SCOPE OF TITLE DEED CANCELLATION AND REGISTRATION LAWSUITS IN TURKEYWHAT ARE THE TYPES OF TITLE CANCELLATION LAWSUITS IN TURKEY?WHAT IS A POWER OF ATTORNEY AGREEMENT IN TURKEY?Scope of Authority in a Power of Attorney Agreement in TurkeyLiability of the Agent in a Power of Attorney Agreement in TurkeyObligations and Responsibilities...","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5885,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[85],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5905","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5905","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5905"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5905\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5885"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5905"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5905"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cbhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5905"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}